| 1. | low temperature, volcanic storms, atmosphere rich in oxygen | 
| 2. | low temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere | 
| 3. | high temperature, volcanic storms, non-reducing atmosphere | 
| 4. | high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing CH4, NH3 etc. | 
| Assertion (A): | Those who are better fit in an environment, leave more progeny than others. | 
| Reason(R): | The fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A) | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A) | 
| 3. | (A) is True, (R) is False | 
| 4. | (A) is False, (R) is False | 
| 1. | Ancestral giraffes with longer necks got more food and left more surviving offspring. | 
| 2. | Ancestral giraffes stretched their necks to get food. | 
| 3. | It was a divine creation. | 
| 4. | The giraffe is the mammal where the number of cervical vertebrae is much more than the number of cervical vertebrae in other mammals. | 
| 1. | Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo sapiens → Homo habilis | 
| 2. | Homo erectus → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens | 
| 3. | Ramapithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens | 
| 4. | Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo erectus → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens. | 
| 1. | adaptive radiation | 
| 2. | transduction | 
| 3. | pre-existing variation in the population | 
| 4. | mutations induced by antibiotics | 
| Assertion (A): | Classification of organisms into related groups should not solely be based on the morphological features. | 
| Reason (R): | Convergent evolution results in unrelated organisms resembling each other. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A) | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A) | 
| 3. | (A) is True, (R) is False | 
| 4. | (A) is False, (R) is True |