| 1. | Darwin did not believe in the inheritance of acquired traits while Hugo de Vries did. |
| 2. | Evolution for Darwin was gradual while Hugo de Vries believed mutation caused speciation. |
| 3. | Evolution for Darwin was a stochastic process and for Hugo de Vries was a determinist process. |
| 4. | Fitness for Darwin was reproductive fitness and for Hugo de Vries was physical fitness. |
| 1. | Mammals only |
| 2. | Mammals and Birds |
| 3. | Dinosaurs, Crocodiles and Birds |
| 4. | Turtles, Lizards, Snakes and Tuataras |
| 1. | Carboniferous | 2. | Permian |
| 3. | Triassic | 4. | Jurassic |
| 1. | conducted a control experiment to disprove spontaneous generation |
| 2. | proposed the concept of pangenesis as the physical basis of heredity |
| 3. | disapproved the proposal of Ernst Haeckel [Biogenetic law] |
| 4. | was one of the rediscoverers of Mendel’s laws |
| 1. | Eye of a mammal and the eye of octopus |
| 2. | Flipper of penguin and flipper of dolphin |
| 3. | Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita |
| 4. | Sweet potato and potato |