| 1. | Darwin did not believe in the inheritance of acquired traits while Hugo de Vries did. |
| 2. | Evolution for Darwin was gradual while Hugo de Vries believed mutation caused speciation. |
| 3. | Evolution for Darwin was a stochastic process and for Hugo de Vries was a determinist process. |
| 4. | Fitness for Darwin was reproductive fitness and for Hugo de Vries was physical fitness. |
| 1. | Mammals only |
| 2. | Mammals and Birds |
| 3. | Dinosaurs, Crocodiles and Birds |
| 4. | Turtles, Lizards, Snakes and Tuataras |
| 1. | Carboniferous | 2. | Permian |
| 3. | Triassic | 4. | Jurassic |
| 1. | conducted a control experiment to disprove spontaneous generation |
| 2. | proposed the concept of pangenesis as the physical basis of heredity |
| 3. | disapproved the proposal of Ernst Haeckel [Biogenetic law] |
| 4. | was one of the rediscoverers of Mendel’s laws |
| 1. | Eye of a mammal and the eye of octopus |
| 2. | Flipper of penguin and flipper of dolphin |
| 3. | Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita |
| 4. | Sweet potato and potato |
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (a) | Adaptive radiation | (i) | Fast emergence of resistance in bacteria against antibiotics |
| (b) | Convergent evolution | (ii) | Bones of forelimbs in Man and Whale |
| (c) | Divergent evolution | (iii) | Wings of Butterfly and Bird |
| (d) | Evolution by anthropogenic action | (iv) | Dispersion and diversification of Australian marsupials |
| (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | |
| 1. | (ii) | (i) | (iv) | (iii) |
| 2. | (i) | (iv) | (iii) | (ii) |
| 3. | (iv) | (iii) | (ii) | (i) |
| 4. | (iii) | (ii) | (i) | (iv) |