Match the following parts of a nephron with their function:
(a)
Descending limb of Henle's loop
(i)
Reabsorption of salts only
(b)
Proximal convoluted tubule
(ii)
Reabsorption of water only
(c)
Ascending limb of Henle's loop
(iii)
Conditional reabsorption of sodium ions
(d)
Distal convoluted tubule
(iv)
Reabsorption of ions, water, and organic nutrients
Select the correct option from the following:
Options:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1.
i
iii
ii
iv
2.
ii
iv
i
iii
3.
i
iv
ii
iii
4.
iv
i
iii
ii
Match the items in Column - I with those in Column - II:
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (a) | Podocytes | (i) | Crystallised oxalate |
| (b) | Protonephridia | (ii) | Annelids |
| (c) | Nephridia | (iii) | Amphioxus |
| (d) | Renal calculi | (iv) | Filtration slits |
| (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | |
| 1. | (iii) | (iv) | (ii) | (i) |
| 2. | (iii) | (ii) | (iv) | (i) |
| 3. | (iv) | (iii) | (ii) | (i) |
| 4. | (iv) | (ii) | (iii) | (i) |
The process of reabsorption is carried by
1. Tubular endothelial cells
2. Tubular epithelial cells
3. Tubular lacunae cells
4. Tubular glandular cells
Which option is correct with respect to blood urea content?
1. Hepatic portal vein - less, renal vein - much.
2. Pulmonary artery - less, hepatic vein - much.
3. Hepatic vein - less, renal artery - much.
4. Renal vein - less, hepatic vein - much.
Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in:
| (a) | Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body |
| (b) | Non-elimination of excess potassium ions |
| (c) | Reduced absorption of calcium ions from gastro-intestinal tract |
| (d) | Reduced RBC production |
Which of the following options is the most appropriate?
1. (a) and (d) are correct
2. (a) and (b) are correct
3. (b) and (c) are correct
4. (c) and (d) are correct
Which of the following factors is responsible for the formation of concentrated urine?
| 1. | Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration. |
| 2. | Low levels of antidiuretic hormone. |
| 3. | Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary interstitium in the kidneys. |
| 4. | Secretion of erythropoietin by Juxtaglomerular complex. |
Solenocytes are the main excretory structures in:
1. annelids
2. molluscs
3. echinodermates
4. Platyhelminthes
A condition of failure of the kidney to form urine is called:
1. deamination
2. entropy
3. anuria
4. None of these
Earthworms are:
1. ureotelic when plenty of water is available
2. uricotelic when plenty of water is available
3. uricotelic under conditions of water scarcity
4. ammonotelic when plenty of water is available
Consider the following four statements (A-D) about certain desert animals such as kangaroo rats:
| A. | they have a dark colour and a high rate of reproduction and excrete solid urine. |
| B. | they do not drink water, breathe at a slow rate to conserve water, and have their body covered with thick hairs. |
| C. | they feed on dry seeds and do not require drinking water. |
| D. | they excrete very concentrated urine and do not use water to regulate body temperature. |
Which two of the above statements for such animals are true?
| 1. | C and D | 2. | B and C |
| 3. | C and A | 4. | A and B |
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