| 1. | Naked seeds not enclosed in fruits |
| 2. | Covered seeds within ovary walls |
| 3. | Seeds developing into fruit structures |
| 4. | Spores produced in seed cones |
| 1. | Produce flowers that remain closed in winter |
| 2. | Possess needle-like leaves with thick cuticles |
| 3. | Show deciduous habit during cold season |
| 4. | Lack any significant vascular tissue differentiation |