| Statement I: | Parasitism has evolved in many taxonomic groups from plants to higher vertebrates. |
| Statement II: | Many parasites have evolved to be host-specific and both tend to co-evolve. |
| Statement III: | All parasites have only one primary and one intermediate host. |
| Statement IV: | Only a few of the parasites harm their hosts. |
| 1. | 1 | 2. | 2 |
| 3. | 3 | 4. | 4 |
| I: | Lice on humans and ticks on dogs |
| II: | Marine fish infested with ectoparasitic copepods |
| III: | Female Anopheles biting human beings |
| IV: | Tapeworm in the human alimentary canal |
| 1. | Only I and II | 2. | Only III and IV |
| 3. | Only I and III | 4. | Only II and IV |
| Statement I: | The morphological and anatomical features of endoparasites are greatly simplified but their reproductive potential is very high. |
| Statement II: | Unlike ectoparasites, endoparasites live inside the host body at different sites and their life cycles are more complex. |
| I: | The anemone provides the clownfish with protection and shelter |
| II: | The clownfish provides the anemone nutrients in the form of waste while also scaring off potential predator fish |
| 1. | Competition | 2. | Commensalism |
| 3. | Mutualism | 4. | Parasitism |
| Assertion (A): | Plant-animal interactions often involve co-evolution of the mutualists. |
| Reason (R): | The mutually beneficial system should be safeguarded against ‘cheaters’. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
| I: | Many species of fig trees can only be pollinated by their ‘partner’ wasp species and no other species. |
| II: | The female wasp does not derive any benefit from this relationship. |
| I: | This exemplifies the operation of co-evolution between the bee and the flower. |
| II: | All orchids offer rewards to their specific pollinators. |