Assertion: Pineal is sometimes also called as the ‘brain sand’.
Reason: It atrophies and disappears in late age.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

1. If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion
2. If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion
3. If the assertion is true but the reason is false
4. If both the assertion and reason are false

Assertion: Without the thyroid hormone, epinephrine would have only a weak effect.
Reason: Thyroid hormone increases the number of receptors available for epinephrine at the latter's target cell.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: An increase in the secretion of aldosterone [Conn’s syndrome] is characterized by muscle weakness and hypertension.
Reason: Aldosterone tends to promote ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and water retention, and lower plasma ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ concentration

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Addison’s disease is characterized by darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun.
Reason: This occurs because melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and ACTH share the same precursor molecule, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Growth hormone promtes protein anabolism and retards protein catabolism.
Reason: It increases the use of glucose by normal body cells so that protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis is reduced.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Thyroxine [${\mathrm{T}}_4$] is responsible for most of the actions of thyroid hormones at the cellular level.
Reason: It is the major hormone released by thyroid gland and is also formed in the periphery by conversion from ${\mathrm{T}}_3$.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone.
Reason: It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Cancerous cells from the hypothalamus multiply and spread to the pituitary.
Reason: The portal system acts as the pathway for metastasis from the hypothalamus to the pituitary.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Hormone pathways involved in homeostasis typically involve negative feedback and are often paired.
Reason: Negative feedback helps restore a pre existing state.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Prostaglandins send only paracrine (locally active) or autocrine (acting on the same cell from which it is synthesized) signals.
Reason: Prostaglandins, found in almost every tissue in humans, are derived enzymatically from the fatty acid arachidonic acid.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.