Q. No.Urea is:
1. more toxic than ammonia
2. produced in kidneys
3. energetically more expensive to produce than ammonia
4. never present in human blood
I: Formation of urine
II: Regulation of erythropoiesis
III: Regulation of calcium levels in body fluids
| 1. | Only I | 2. | Only I and II |
| 3. | Only II and III | 4. | I, II and III |
| A | Malpighian body | Site for ultra-filtration |
| B | Proximal convoluted tubule | Maximum reabsorption of filtrate |
| C | Descending limb of loop of Henle | Permeable to water; almost impermeable to electrolytes |
| D | Ascending limb of loop of Henle | Impermeable to water; allows transport of electrolytes |
| E | Distal convoluted tubule | Conditional reabsorption of sodium and water |
| F | Collecting duct | Concentration of urine; allows passage of urea |
| 1. All except C and D | 2. All except B and E |
| 3. All except F | 4. All |
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I: Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons.
II: Efferent arteriole forms a peritubular capillary network around renal tubules.
1. I is correct but II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect but II is correct
3. I is correct and II is also correct
4. I is incorrect and II is also incorrect
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| A | B | C | D | |
| 1. | Minor calyx | Major calyx | Renal pelvis | Urethra |
| 2. | Major calyx | Minor calyx | Renal pelvis | Ureter |
| 3. | Minor calyx | Major calyx | Renal pelvis | Ureter |
| 4. | Minor calyx | Major calyx | Renal pectoral | Urethra |
I: A is NaCl which is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop, exchanged with the ascending limb of vasa recta and returned to the interstitium by the descending portion of vasa recta.
II: B is urea which enters the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop and is transported back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.
III: C is water.
| 1. Only I and II | 2. Only II and III |
| 3. Only I and III | 4. I, II and III |
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I: The region designated as ‘X’ in the diagram is the sacral region of the spinal cord.
II: Motor signals from the spinal cord lead to relaxation of the muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder and constriction of the urinary sphincter.
| 1. Only I | 2. Only II |
| 3. Both I and II | 4. Neither I nor II |
| A | B | C | D | |
| 1. | Renin released from kidney | Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete aldosterone | Reabsorption of sodium and water | Vaso- dilation |
| 2. | Renin released from kidney | Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone | Reabsorption of sodium and water | Vaso- constriction |
| 3. | ADH released from kidney | Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone | Diuresis | Vaso- constriction |
| 4. | Angio- tensin I released from kidney |
Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone | Reabsorption of sodium and water | Vaso- dilation |
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I: A: the blood is taken out of the body from an artery for purification; B: the purified blood is returned to the body by a vein.
II: Heparin is an anticoagulant that is added to the blood to prevent its coagulation; Dialyzer acts as the artificial kidney
1. Only I is correct
2. Only II is correct
3. Both I and II are correct
4. Both I and II are incorrect
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