The net filtration pressure is the interaction of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, driving fluid out of the capillary and is:
1. about equal to the pulse pressure at 40 mmHg
2. favored by colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma
3. opposed by the hydrostatic pressure in afferent arteriole
4. estimated to be approximately 10 mmHg in human kidneys

A substance is neither filtered, reabsorbed, nor secreted in the kidney. This substance would be most likely found in:
1. glomerular filtrate
2. blood in the renal vein
3. Collecting duct
4. Loop of Henle

Polysaccharide inulin is used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because inulin is:

1. both filtered and secreted.

2. both filtered and reabsorbed.

3. filtered, but neither secreted nor reabsorbed.

4. only secreted.

A sensation of pain/discomfort is felt when the amount of urine collected in the bladder reaches about:

1. 100ml

2. 500ml

3. 200ml

4. 300ml

Assertion: The epithelial membrane that faces the filtrate in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
Reason: The ascending limb has a transport epithelium that lacks water channels.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The vasa recta can supply the kidneys with nutrients without interfering with the osmolarity gradient in the inner and outer medulla.
Reason: The descending and ascending limbs of the vasa recta carry blood in opposite directions though the kidney’s osmolarity gradient.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Water used in hemodialysis is carefully purified before use.
Reason: The damaged kidneys cannot perform their intended function of removing impurities.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrest. In response to hyperkalemia, the hormone secreted by human body and the site of its action are respectively:
1. aldosterone; distal tubule
2. aldosterone; proximal convoluted tubule
3. ADH; cortical collecting duct
4. ADH; proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following contributes maximum to the buffer capacity of human body?
1. carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system.
2. phosphate buffer system.
3. protein buffer system.
4. oxygen/carbondioxide buffer system.

The perinephric fat:
1. is the storage energy for renal functions.
2. is the renal capsule.
3. cushions the kidney from mechanical shock.
4. is present only under pathological conditions.