Q. No.Consider the given two statements:
I. Human kidneys can produce urine nearly four times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.
II. About 85% of the nephrons in the human kidney are juxtamedullary nephrons.
1. Both I and II are correct and II explains I
2. Both I and II are correct but II does not explain I
3. I is correct but II is incorrect
4. Both I and II are incorrect
I. Human kidneys can produce urine nearly four times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.
II. About 85% of the nephrons in the human kidney are juxtamedullary nephrons.
An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of ANF. ANF:
| I: | is a potent vasoconstrictor |
| II: | can cause a decrease in blood pressure |
| III: | acts as a check on RAAS |
1. Only I and II are correct
2. Only III is correct
3. Only II and III are correct
4. Only I is correct
An excessive loss of both salt and body fluids caused for example, by a major wound, will lead to:
I. Increased secretion of ADH in the body
II. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism
| 1. | Only I | 2. | Only II |
| 3. | Both I and II | 4. | Neither I nor II |
Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys. The urea produced by the liver will be first released into:
| 1. | Hepatic portal vein | 2. | Renal vein |
| 3. | Inferior vena cava | 4. | Hepatic vein |
Potassium ions:
| I: | are filtered at the glomerulus |
| II: | are reabsorbed at the PCT |
| III: | are secreted at DCT |
Correct statements are:
1. I & II only
2. I & III only
3. II & III only
4. I, II & III
| Assertion (A): | The filtrate gets concentrated as it moves down the descending limb of loop of Henle in the human nephron. |
| Reason (R): | The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |
| 1. | It causes vasodilation and reduces blood pressure |
| 2. | It acts on the atrial wall of our heart and reduces cardiac output |
| 3. | It stimulates angiotensin leading to vasoconstriction |
| 4. | It acts on the distal tubule and lead to diuresis. |
| I: | Allows passage of small amounts of urea into the medullary interstitium |
| II: | Large amounts of water could be reabsorbed from this part to produce a concentrated urine. |
| 1. | Only I | 2. | Only II |
| 3. | Both I and II | 4. | Neither I nor II |
| 1. | Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole. |
| 2. | Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an efferent arteriole. |
| 3. | Vasa recta is well developed in cortical nephrons. |
| 4. | The DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube called collecting duct. |
| I: | is released when an excessive loss of fluid from the body activates osmoreceptors in the body. |
| II: | prevents dieresis by facilitating water reabsorption from the initial and proximal parts of the tubules. |
2. Only II is correct
3. Both I and II are correct
4. Both I and II are incorrect
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