All the following changes occur in the circulatory system when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time except:
1. the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases
2. the foramen ovale closes
3. the ductus arteriosus closes
4. the resistance to blood flow through the lung decreases

A person suffers punctures in his chest cavity in an accident, without any damage to the lungs. It’s effect could be: 
1. A decreased respiratory rate
2. Absence of breathing on the affected side
3. Hyper inflation of the lung on affected side
4. An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in deoxygenated blood

Assertion: Residual volume cannot be measured directly by spirometery.
Reason: The tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume can be measured directly with a spirometer and are the basic elements of a ventilatory pulmonary function test.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.