Hemoglobin in blood can more readily combine with carbon dioxide when blood passes through the tissues. This is due to:
1. Bohr effect.
2. Haldane effect
3. chloride shift
4. Hering-Breuer Reflex

The chloride shift is also known as Hamburger phenomenon and it
1. occurs primarily in pulmonary capillaries.
2. occurs when Cl- replace HCO3- within red blood cells.
3. decreases the formation of bicarbonate ions.
4. decreases the number of hydrogen ions.

What is the correct chronological sequence of the following structures as air passes through them in inhalation?
a. alveolar duct
b. alveolus
c. respiratory bronchiole
d. terminal bronchiole
1. a, b, c, d
2. b, c, d, a
3. c, d, a, b
4. d, c, a, b

Why is oxygen transport affected in carbon monoxide poisoning?

1. More carbonic acid will be produced, and the hemoglobin will give up more oxygen to the tissue.

2. Hemoglobin will bind to less oxygen, and hemoglobin will not release as much oxygen to the tissue.

3. Carbon monoxide makes hemoglobin give up oxygen more readily in the tissues.

4. Carbon monoxide ties up hemoglobin's ability to bind to oxygen, but more hemoglobin will be produced, so no decline in oxygen in the tissue will be noticed.

Some pathogens can reach the alveoli, they can still be destroyed by:

1. macrophages in the pulmonary lymph nodes
2. NK cells in the elastic tissues of the lungs
3. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
4. alveolar macrophages

A large proportion of oxygen is left unsused in the human blood even after its uptake by the body tissues. This ${\mathrm{O}}_2$
1. raises the ${\mathrm{P}}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$ of blood to 75 mm of Hg
2. is enough to keep oxyhaemoglobin
3. helps in releasing more ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ to the epithelial tissues
4. acts as a reserve during muscular exercise

The haemoglobin of a human foetus
1. has a lower affinity for oxygen than that of the adult
2. has the same affinity for oxygen as that of an adult
3. has only 2 protein subunits instead of 4
4. has a higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult

When a man inhales air containing normal concentration of O₂ as well as CO he suffers from suffocation because
1. CO reacts with ${\mathrm{O}}_2$, reducing its percentage in air
2. haemoglobin combines with CO instead of ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ and forms carboxyhaemoglobin
3. CO affects diaphragm and intercostal muscles
4. CO affects the nerves of the lungs

In the given diagram, the functional residual capacity will be depicted by:

  
1.  B + F
2.  B + D + F
3.  A - [B + C]
4.  A - E

Assertion: A person who is born and lives at sea level will develop a slightly smaller lung capacity than a person who spends their life at a high altitude.
Reason: The partial pressure of oxygen is lower at higher altitude which, as a result means that oxygen less readily diffuses into the bloodstream.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.