A person has a normal exhalation. Which of the following would be true at the end of this effort?

1. The pressure of the intrapleural cavity is the same as atmospheric pressure

2. The alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

3. The tendency for the lungs to recoil to an unstretched state is balanced by the tendency of the chest wall to expand

4. Alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure is zero

The total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the level of the terminal bronchioles [about 150ml] which is not capable of exchanging gases with the blood, is referred to as
1. Physiological dead space
2. Anatomical dead space
3. Alveolar dead space
4. Respiratory zone dead space

A pulmonary disorder reduces the forced expiratory volume in first second but does not significantly affect the vital capacity. This disorder will be most accurately described as:
1. restrictive lung disorder
2. pulmonary fibrosis
3. pneumoconiosis
4. obstructive lung disorder

All the following changes occur in the circulatory system when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time except:
1. the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases
2. the foramen ovale closes
3. the ductus arteriosus closes
4. the resistance to blood flow through the lung decreases

“Bends” is a painful condition that is seen in cases of:
1. nitrogen narcosis
2. decompression sickness
3. hyperbaric oxygen therapy
4. carbon dioxide accumulation

Humans are not able to survive for long periods at very high altitudes primarily because:
1. The oxygen content is very low with respect of that found at sea level.
2. The carbon dioxide is much more than that found at sea level.
3. The partial pressure of oxygen is very low than that found at sea level.
4. The atmospheric pressure is much higher than that found at sea level, which makes the amount of oxygen available one-fourth that found at sea level.

The most efficient respiratory system amongst the following would be:
1. mammal lungs
2. reptile lungs
3. bird lungs
4. fish gills

The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr. It explains why
1. hemoglobin binds carbon monoxide more readily than oxygen
2. hemoglobin unloads its oxygen when it encounters low pH
3. diffusion occurs so slowly over long distances
4. oxygen is present in the atmosphere in relatively low concentrations

Hemoglobin in blood can more readily combine with carbon dioxide when blood passes through the tissues. This is due to:
1. Bohr effect.
2. Haldane effect
3. chloride shift
4. Hering-Breuer Reflex

The chloride shift is also known as Hamburger phenomenon and it
1. occurs primarily in pulmonary capillaries.
2. occurs when Cl- replace HCO3- within red blood cells.
3. decreases the formation of bicarbonate ions.
4. decreases the number of hydrogen ions.