Carbon dioxide is transported in blood by all the following mechanisms except:
1. bound to the protein portion of hemoglobin
2. bound to the iron atoms of hemoglobin
3. dissolved in plasma
4. as bicarbonate
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The conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid in the red blood cells is catalyzed by the enzyme:
1. hemoglobin | 2. carbonic anhydrase |
3. carbonic oxidoreductase | 4. carbonic transferase |
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The efficiency of a respiratory system is enhanced by all the following except:
1. | increasing the surface area available for diffusion of gases |
2. | decreasing the distance over which the gases must diffuse |
3. | increasing the concentration differences of gases inside and outside the system |
4. | drying the system out so the gases do not have to diffuse through water |
Exchange of gases occurs across the respiratory membrane. Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane?
1. | respiratory membrane becomes thicker. |
2. | surface area of the respiratory membrane decreases. |
3. | partial pressure difference of the gas across the respiratory membrane increases. |
4. | diffusion coefficient of the gas decreases. |
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In inspiration during pulmonary ventilation the correct order of the given events is:
a. air flows into the lungs
b. alveolar volume increases
c. thoracic volume increases
d. pleural pressure decreases
e. alveolar pressure decreases
1. | a, b, c, d, e | 2. | b, e, a, c, d |
3. | c, d, b, e, a | 4. | d, e, b, a, c |
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When compared with carbon dioxide, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air and its solubility in water is respectively:
1. lower, lower | 2. lower, higher |
3. greater, lower | 4. greater, higher |
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Name the cavities in which the lungs are located:
1. pleural and abdominal cavities.
2. pericardial and thoracic cavities.
3. pleural and thoracic cavities.
4. pleural and pericardial cavities.
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What is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively in the venous blood leaving the tissues [in mm of Hg]?
1. 104, 40 | 2. 95, 40 |
3. 40, 45 | 4. 20, 46 |
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A minimal amount of pleural fluid present in the pleural cavity:
1. | provides a medium for the exchange of respiratory gases |
2. | reduces friction between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
3. | provides lubrication for movements of the diaphragm |
4. | permits the exchange of electrolytes during respiration |
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When the diaphragm or external intercostal muscles contract, intrapulmonary pressure should
1. | increase | 2. | decrease |
3. | remain constant | 4. | equal atmospheric pressure |
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