1. | Much larger amount of energy flows through the ecosystem than the amount of nutrients |
2. | Energy is recycled, but nutrients are not |
3. | The requirement of nutrients is obligatory for organisms but the requirement of energy is not. |
4. | Nutrients are recycled, but energy is not. |
1. | It occurs only through the process of photosynthesis. |
2. | Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. |
3. | Net primary production is available for consumption by herbivores. |
4. | Gross primary productivity minus the respiratory loss is the net primary productivity. |
1. | less and less amount of new chemical energy is added at successive trophic levels |
2. | no new chemical energy is added at successive trophic levels |
3. | more and more amount of new chemical energy is added at successive trophic levels |
4. | less amount of new chemical energy is added at primary consumer level and then the amount of new chemical energy added to successive levels becomes more and more |
I: | Primary succession is faster than the secondary succession |
II: | Both hydrarch and xerarch successions lead to mesic conditions |
III: | Rooted submerged plants are pioneers in primary hydrarch succession |
Column I | Column II | ||
A | Eagle | P | tertiary consumer |
B | Cyanobacterium | Q | primary producer |
C | Fungus | R | decomposer |
D | Grasshopper | S | primary consumer |
A | B | C | D | |
1. | P | Q | R | S |
2. | Q | P | S | R |
3. | R | S | Q | P |
D. | S | R | P | Q |
COLUMN I | COLUMN II | ||
A | Standing crop | P | Mass of living material at each trophic level at a particular time |
B | Standing state | Q | The amount of nutrients present in the soil at any given time |
C | Net primary productivity | R | The rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers |
D | Secondary productivity | S | Available biomass for the consumption to heterotrophs |
A | B | C | D | |
1. | S | P | Q | R |
2. | P | Q | R | S |
3. | P | Q | S | R |
4. | R | P | Q | S |