Which of the following takes place in the step where succinyl coenzyme A is converted to succinic acid in the TCA cycle?
1. One molecule of ATP is directly synthesized.
2. NAD+ is reduced.
3. FAD is reduced.
4. One molecule of GTP is synthesized.
| Assertion (A): | Plants do not require specialized respiratory organs. | 
| Reason (R): | Every plant part takes care of its own gas exchange needs through stomata and lenticels. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. | 
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. | 
| Assertion (A): | The processes of lactic acid and alcohol fermentation are less efficient in harnessing the energy stored in glucose compared to aerobic respiration. | 
| Reason (R): | In these fermentation pathways, the incomplete breakdown of glucose occurs under anaerobic conditions, where oxygen is not available. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A). | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) does not correctly explain (A). | 
| 3. | (A) is True; (R) is False | 
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are False | 
| I: | Complex I is NADH dehydrogenase | 
| II: | Complex II is succinate dehydrogenase | 
| III: | Complex III is cytochrome b6f complex. | 
| 1. | acetyl-CoA | 2. | CO2 | 
| 3. | O2 | 4. | heat | 
| I: | The continued replenishment of oxaloacetic acid. | 
| II: | The regeneration of NAD+ and FAD. |