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Q. No.During concentration of urine by the human kidneys, an increasing osmolarity towards the medullary inner medullary interstitium is mainly caused by:
1.
NaCl and HCO3–
2.
Urea and Uric acid
3.
NaCl and Urea
4.
H+ ions and TMAO
Subtopic: Nephron Part 1 | Nephron Part 2 | Concentration of Urine |
88%
Level 1: 80%+
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Juxta glomerular apparatus is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:
| 1. | proximal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole at the point of their contact. |
| 2. | distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole at the point of their contact. |
| 3. | proximal convoluted tubule and the efferent arteriole at the point of their contact. |
| 4. | distal convoluted tubule and the efferent arteriole at the point of their contact. |
Subtopic: Formation of Urine |
75%
Level 2: 60%+
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Subtopic: Formation of Urine |
83%
Level 1: 80%+
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Protonephridia are osmoregulatory and excretory structures in all the following animals except:
1. Amphioxus
2. Flatworms
3. Rotifers
4. Crustaceans
1. Amphioxus
2. Flatworms
3. Rotifers
4. Crustaceans
Subtopic: Nitrogenous Excretory Products |
80%
Level 1: 80%+
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ADH:
1. Only I is correct
2. Only II is correct
3. Neither I nor II are correct
4. Both I and II are correct
| I: | makes the collecting duct completely impermeable to water. |
| II: | causes vasoconstriction. |
1. Only I is correct
2. Only II is correct
3. Neither I nor II are correct
4. Both I and II are correct
Subtopic: Autoregulation of GFR |
70%
Level 2: 60%+
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Uricotelism is seen in all of the following organisms except:
1. Land snails
2. Insects
3. Terrestrial amphibians
4. Reptiles
1. Land snails
2. Insects
3. Terrestrial amphibians
4. Reptiles
Subtopic: Nitrogenous Excretory Products |
78%
Level 2: 60%+
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Presence of glucose (Glycosuria) and ketone bodies (Ketonuria) in urine are indicative of:
1. diabetes mellitus.
2. diabetes insipidus.
3. adrenal diabetes.
4. pituitary diabetes.
1. diabetes mellitus.
2. diabetes insipidus.
3. adrenal diabetes.
4. pituitary diabetes.
Subtopic: Micturition Reflex |
93%
Level 1: 80%+
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Identify the incorrect statement:
| 1. | An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate the osmoreceptors which stimulate the hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin from the neurohypophysis. |
| 2. | An increase in body fluid volume can switch off the osmoreceptors and suppress the ADH release. |
| 3. | ADH can also affect the kidney function by its dilatory effects on blood vessels. |
| 4. | An increase in blood pressure can increase the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR. |
Subtopic: Autoregulation of GFR |
79%
Level 2: 60%+
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During concentration of urine by human kidneys small amounts of urea enter the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is transported back to the interstitium by the:
1. collecting tubule.
2. proximal convoluted tubule.
3. descending limb of loop of Henle.
4. descending limb of vasa recta.
1. collecting tubule.
2. proximal convoluted tubule.
3. descending limb of loop of Henle.
4. descending limb of vasa recta.
Subtopic: Nephron Part 1 | Nephron Part 2 | Concentration of Urine |
72%
Level 2: 60%+
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A counter-current exists in the human kidneys between:
1. Only III is correct
2. Only I and II are correct
3. Only II and III are correct
4. I, II and III are correct
| I: | the two limbs of Henle’s loop. |
| II: | the two limbs of vasa recta. |
| III: | the Henle’s loop and vasa recta. |
1. Only III is correct
2. Only I and II are correct
3. Only II and III are correct
4. I, II and III are correct
Subtopic: Concentration of Urine |
63%
Level 2: 60%+
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