| I. | Ramdeo Misra is revered as the Father of Ecology in India. |
| II. | Ecology studies the interactions among organisms and between the organism and its physical [abiotic] environment. |
| III. | The study of Ecology begins at cellular biological organisation level. |
| IV. | Ecology at the organism level is essentially physiological ecology. |
| 1. | Only I and II | 2. | All except III |
| 3. | Only II, III and III | 4. | I, II, III and IV |
| Assertion (A): | The physico-chemical [abiotic] components of ecosystem alone characterise the habitat of an organism. |
| Reason (R): | Interactions between organisms are not relevant for the study of ecology. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are false. |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 3. | (A) is true but (R) is false. |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A). |
| I: | range of conditions that it can tolerate |
| II: | diversity in the resources it utilises |
| III: | its distinct functional role in the ecological system |
| Assertion (A): | Organisms living in oceans do not face any water-related problems. |
| Reason (R): | Life on Earth originated in water and is not sustainable without water. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 2. | (A) is true but (R) is false. |
| 3. | (A) is false but (R) is true. |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A). |
| Assertion (A): | The availability of light on land is closely linked with that of temperature. |
| Reason (R): | Sun is the source for both – light and temperature. |
| 1. | (A) is true but (R) is false. |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A). |
| 3. | Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 4. | (A) is false but (R) is true. |
| Statement I: | Many plants depend on sunlight to meet their photoperiodic requirement for flowering. |
| Statement II: | Many animals use photoperiod cues for timing their foraging, reproductive and migratory activities. |
| Statement III: | The spectral quality of solar radiation is not important for life. |
| I. | Its characteristics determine, to a large extent, the vegetation in any area. |
| II. | In the aquatic environment, the sediment characteristics often determine the type of benthic animals that can thrive there. |