Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys:
1. The renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla.

2. ADH is secreted by anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolality of the blood.

3. A normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolality greater than 300 mOsmil.kg-1.

4. ADH acts on the cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water.

A person passes lot of dilute urine and drinks a lot of water but does not have glycosuria. He is most likely suffering from :

1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus

2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus

3. Pituitary diabetes

4. Diabetes insipidus

Describe urine in relationship to glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion urine :
1. glomerular filtration + tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion 
2. glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion 
3. glomerular filtration + tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion 
4. glomerular filtration -tubular reabsorption +tubular secretion 

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is most toxic form and requires a lot of water for removal?

1. Ammonia

2. Urea

3. Uric acid

4. Creatinine

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is least toxic?

1. Uric Acid

2. Urea

3. Creatinine

4. Ammonia

Ammonotelic organisms are not

1. Bony Fishes

2. Aquatic Amphibians

3. Aquatic Insects

4. Marine fishes

Ammonotelic organisms excrete out

1. Ammonia

2. Ammonium ions

3. Ammonium sulfate

4. Ammonium nitrate

Ammonia is converted into urea in which of the following organs of Ureotelic organisms?

1. Liver

2. Kidney

3. Urinary bladder

4. Gut

Kidney matrix retains some amount of urea to

1. Maintain a desired osmolarity

2. Maintain metabolism

3. Maintain balance of the body

4. Maintain micturition

Which of the following is not uricotelic?

1. Reptiles

2. Birds

3. Land snails

4. All insects