Q. No.Consider the given two statements:
Statement I: The embryos of all vertebrates including humans develop a row of vestigial gill slits just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other adult vertebrates.
Statement II: Karl Ernst von Baer noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals.
1.
Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct.
2.
Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect.
3.
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I.
4.
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I.
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Statement I: The hearts in different vertebrates are homologous organs.
Statement II: They have developed in different groups as a result of convergent evolution between them.
| 1. | Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I. |
| 2. | Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect. |
| 3. | Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct. |
| 4. | Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I. |
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| Assertion (A): | Evolution is not a directed process in the sense of determinism. |
| Reason (R): | It is a stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organisms. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
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1. The big bang led to the formation of galaxies
2. The Earth was formed around 4 billion years ago
3. Cellular forms of life with differences in metabolic capability originated on earth
4. Life moved to land from water.
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I: Nature selects for fitness.
II: Fitness is based on characteristics that are inherited.
III: Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature.
| 1. | Only I and II | 2. | Only I and III |
| 3. | Only II and III | 4. | I, II and III |
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| 1. | Branching descent and natural selection |
| 2. | Saltation and Catastrophism |
| 3. | Use and disuse of organs and inheritance of acquired traits |
| 4. | Reproductive isolation and Founder effect |
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| 1. | Charles Darwin | 2. | Lamarck |
| 3. | Hugo de Vries | 4. | T. R Malthus |
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| Observation: | Natural resources are limited, populations are stable in size except for seasonal fluctuation, members of a population vary in characteristics even though they look superficially similar, and most variations are inherited. |
| Inference: | There had been competition for resources and variations, which are heritable and which make resource utilisation better for few (adapted to habitat better) will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny. |
| 1. | Both Observation and Inference are correct but Inference does not explain the Observation. |
| 2. | Both Observation and Inference drawn are correct and Inference explains the Observation. |
| 3. | Observation is incorrect and the Inference drawn is correct. |
| 4. | Observation is correct and the Inference drawn is correct. |
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| 1. | continuous variations | 2. | mutations |
| 3. | genetic drift | 4. | genetic death |
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| 1. | Both Hugo de Vries and Darwin believed that it was mutation that caused evolution. |
| 2. | Both Hugo de Vries and Darwin believed that it was minor variations that caused evolution, not mutation. |
| 3. | Mutations are small and directional, while Darwinian variations are random and directionless. |
| 4. | Evolution for Darwin was gradual while de Vries believed mutation caused speciation and hence called it saltation (single-step large mutation). |
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