Q. No.Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A):
Learning about non-human organisms DNA sequences is not important for human beings.
Reason (R):
The Genetic code is not universal.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
1.
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.
Both (A) and (R) are false.
3.
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
4.
(A) is true but (R) is false.
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| 1. | Identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA and determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. |
| 2. | Store the information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, and transfer related technologies to other sectors, such as industries. |
| 3. | Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. |
| 4. | Develop technology to enable the introduction of genes into humans to manipulate their phenotypes and allow humans to demand a tailor-made gene composition for themselves. |
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| 1. | The Human Genome Project was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health. |
| 2. | Many non-human model organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, Caenorhabditis Elegans (a free-living non-pathogenic nematode), Drosophila (the fruit fly), plants (rice and Arabidopsis), etc., have also been sequenced. |
| 3. | The sequence of chromosome 1 was completed only in May 2016 (this was the last of the 24 human chromosomes – 22 autosomes and X and Y – to be sequenced). |
| 4. | The fragments were sequenced using automated DNA sequencers that worked on the principle of a method developed by Frederick Sanger. |
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| A: | Expressed Sequence Tags | Fragments of mRNA sequences derived through single sequencing reactions performed on randomly selected clones from cDNA libraries. |
| B: | Sequence Annotations | The process of marking specific features in a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence with descriptive information about structure or function. |
| 1. | Only A | 2. | Only B |
| 3. | Both A and B | 4. | Neither A nor B |
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| Assertion (A): | During density gradient centrifugation, repetitive DNA are separated from bulk genomic DNA as different peaks. |
| Reason (R): | The probability of observing DNA polymorphism in non-coding sequences of DNA is higher than in the coding sequences. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are false. |
| 3. | Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 4. | (A) is true but (R) is false. |
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| Assertion (A): | Repetitive units of DNA, micro-satellites, and mini-satellites are the basis of DNA fingerprinting. |
| Reason (R): | DNA fingerprinting is the basis of paternity testing, in cases of disputes. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are false. |
| 3. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 4. | (A) is true but (R) is false. |
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| Statement I: | involves identifying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence called as repetitive DNA. |
| Statement II: | repetitive DNA is separated from bulk genomic DNA as different peaks during density gradient centrifugation. |
| 1. | Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I. |
| 2. | Only Statement I is correct. |
| 3. | Only Statement II is correct. |
| 4. | Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect. |
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| 1. | Satellite DNA forms small peaks other than the bulk DNA during density gradient centrifugation. |
| 2. | Depending on the base composition (A: T rich or G: C rich), length of the segment, and the number of repetitive units, the satellite DNA is classified into many categories, such as micro-satellites, mini-satellites etc. |
| 3. | These sequences normally do not code for any proteins, but they form a large portion of the human genome. |
| 4. | These sequences do not show any polymorphism and form the basis of DNA fingerprinting. |
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| Statement I: | Since DNA from every tissue (such as blood, hair follicle, skin, bone, saliva, sperm etc.), from an individual show the same degree of polymorphism, they become very useful identification tools in forensic applications. |
| Statement II: | As polymorphisms are inheritable from parents to children, DNA fingerprinting is the basis of paternity testing, in case of disputes. |
1. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
2. Only Statement I is correct
3. Only Statement II is correct
4. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
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| 1. | Polymorphism (variation at the genetic level) arises due to mutations. |
| 2. | Allelic sequence variation has traditionally been described as a DNA polymorphism if more than one variant (allele) at a locus occurs in the human population with a frequency greater than 1.00. |
| 3. | The probability of polymorphic variation to be observed in non-coding DNA sequence would be higher as mutations in these sequences may not have any immediate effect/impact on an individual’s reproductive ability. |
| 4. | For evolution and speciation, polymorphisms play a very important role. |
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