The driving force of an atom to form chemical bonds involves:

1. To increase the size.
2. To decrease size.
3. To attain stability.
4. None of the above.

The Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the elements Mg, Na, O, and N, respectively, would be:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Lewis symbols for the atoms and ions: S and S^2–; Al and Al³⁺; H and H^– respectively, would be:

1.		${\left[\mathbf{:}\underset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\overset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\mathrm{S}}}\mathbf{:}\right]}^{2-}$	${\left[\mathrm{Al}\right]}^{3+}$
2.		${\left[\mathbf{:}\underset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\overset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\mathrm{S}}}\mathbf{:}\right]}^{2-}$		${\left[\mathrm{Al}\right]}^{3+}$
3.	${\left[\mathbf{:}\underset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\overset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\mathrm{S}}}\mathbf{:}\right]}^{2-}$			${\left[\mathrm{Al}\right]}^{3+}$
4.		${\left[\mathbf{:}\underset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\overset{\mathbf{.}\mathbf{.}}{\mathrm{S}}}\mathbf{:}\right]}^{2-}$		${\left[\mathrm{Al}\right]}^{3+}$

The favourable factors for the formation of an ionic bond would be:

The correct relationship between bond strength and bond order is :

The bond length can be defined as -

${\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{PO}}_3$ can be represented by structures 1 and 2 shown below. 

These two structures cannot be taken as the canonical forms of the resonance hybrid, because  : 

1. The positions of the atoms have changed.

2. The positions of the atoms are constant.

3. H₃PO₃ does not show resonance.

4. Two hydrogen atoms are missing.

The shape of ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$ molecule is bent while that of ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ is linear. The correct explanation is :

The application of dipole moment is/are :

The difference between electronegativity and electron gain enthalpy is :