Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:

1. DCT and Efferent arteriole at the point of their contact

2. DCT and the Afferent arteriole at the point of their contact

3. PCT and Afferent arteriole at the point of their contact

4. PCT and Efferent arteriole at the point of their contact

Which of the following statements about the kidneys is incorrect?

1. They consume over 20% of the oxygens used by the body at rest.

2. Approximately 1200ml of fluid is filtrated by the kidneys each day.

3. 120-125 ml of plasma is forced into the renal tubules each minute.

4. They compose less than 1% of the body weight.

Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys:

Describe urine in relationship to glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion urine:

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) will promote a(n) ________ in the excretion of sodium and water; thus ________ blood volume and blood pressure.

1. decrease, decreasing

2. decrease; increasing

3. increase, decreasing

4. increase, increasing

In the given diagram what would be the value of the osmolality of fluid at points A and B respectively?

1. 1000 and 1000
2. 1200 and 1000
3. 1000 and 1200
4. 1200 and 1200

Consider the following statements :

I. Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, and aquatic insects are ammonotelic.

II. Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes are ureotelic.

III. Reptiles, birds, land snails, and insects are uricotelic.

Which of the above statements are true?

1. I and II only

2. I and III only

3. II and III only

4. I, II and III

Which of the following statements is correct?

1. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water

2. The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water

3. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water

4. The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes

The part of nephron involved in active reabsorption of sodium is

1. distal convoluted tubule

2. proximal convoluted tubule

3. Bowman's capsule

4. descending limb of Henle's loop

Which of the following does not favor the formation of large quantities of dilute urine?

1. Alcohol 

2. Caffeine

3. Renin 

4. Atrial-natriuretic factor