Which of the following physiological changes is not associated with Renin– Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?

1. Increase in GFR
2. Increase in blood pressure
3. Increase in blood aldosterone level
4. Increase in tubular secretion

Due to insufficient filtration in the Bowman's capsule, all are likely to happen except:

1. Accumulation of fluid in the body

2. Increase in blood pressure

3. Increase in blood urea level

4. Increase in GFR

The process of release of urine is called micturition and the neural mechanisms causing it is called the micturition reflex.

(i) Urine formed by the nephron is ultimately carried to the urinary bladder

(ii) This signal is initiated by the stretching of the urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine

(iii) In response, the stretch receptors on the bladder send signals to the CNS

(iv) The CNS passes motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder causing the release of urine

Choose the correct option which contains the correct order of phenomena of micturition.

1. (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv)

2. (ii),(i),(iii) and (iv)

3. (iii),(ii),(i) and (iv)

4. (iv),(ii),(iii) and (i)

Match the terms given in Column-I with their physiological processes given in column-II and choose the correct answer:

1. (A)-(iii); (B)-(v); (C)-(iii); (D)-(ii); (E)-(i)

2. (A)-(iii); (B)-(iv); (C)-(i);(D)-(v);(E)-(ii)

3. (A)-(i);(B)-(iii); (C)-(ii); (D)-(v);(E)-(iv)

4. (A)-(iii) ; (B)-(i) ; (C)-(iv) ; (D)-(v) ; (E)-(ii)

A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates:

1. Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

2. Adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

3. Posterior pituitary to release vasopressin

4. Juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

Which of the following is not associated with micturition reflex?

1. Relaxation of urethral sphincter

2. Contraction of detrusor muscle

3. Activation of stretch receptors in wall of ureters

4. Neural mechanism govern micturition reflex

Mark the incorrect statement with respect to counter current mechanism 

1. Osmolarity of filtrate increases while moving down the descending limb of loop of Henle

2. There will be no urine formation if loop of Henle is absent in mammalian nephrons

3. NaCl and urea maintain the osmolarity gradient in medulla

4. Osmolarity of fluid moving out from the collecting duct is four times that of plasma

The majority of water and salt filtered into Bowman’s capsule is reabsorbed by:

1. the brush border of the transport epithelia of the proximal tubule

2. diffusion from the descending limb of the loop of Henle into the hypertonic interstitial fluid of the medulla

3. active transport across the transport epithelium of the thick upper segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

4. selective secretion and diffusion across the distal tubule

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

1. The medullary zone of the kidney is divided into a few conical masses called medullary pyramids projecting into calyces.

2. Inside the kidney the cortical region extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal pelvis.

3. glomerulus along with Bowman's capsule is called the renal corpuscle.

4. Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron are situated in the cortical region of the kidney.

The parts of nephron situated in cortical region of kidney are

1. Loop of Henle, PCT, and collecting duct

2. Collecting duct, PCT, and malpighian corpuscle

3. PCT, DCT, and Loop of Henle

4. PCT, DCT and Malpighian corpuscle