The age of fossils in the past was generally determined by the radio-carbon method and other methods involving radioactive elements found in the rocks. More precise methods, which were used recently and led to the revision of the evolutionary periods for different groups of organisms include:

1. Study of the conditions of fossilization

2. Electron spin resonance (ESR) & fossil DNA

3. Study of carbohydrates/proteins in rocks

4. Study of carbohydrates/proteins in fossils

What kind of evidence suggested that man is more closely related to chimpanzees than to other hominoid apes?

The most likely reason for the development of resistance against pesticides in insects damaging a crop is:

1. Genetic recombination

2. Directed mutations

3. Acquired heritable changes

4. Random mutations 

Diversification in plant life appeared:

1. Due to abrupt mutations

2. Suddenly on earth

3. By seed dispersal

4. Due to long periods of evolutionary changes 

According to Oparin, which one of the following was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth?

1. Oxygen

2. Hydrogen

3. Water vapour

4. Methane 

The presence of gills in the tadpole of a frog indicates that:

Homologous organs are:
1.  Wings of cockroach and wings of bats
2.  Wings of insects and wings of birds
3.  Air bladder of fishes and lungs of frog
4.  Pectoral fins of fishes and forelimbs of horse

Reptiles like mammals originated in:
1.  Jurassic
2.  Triassic
3.  Cretaceous
4.  Permian

Industrial melanism is an example of:

Which one of the following was obtained by S. Miller in his experiments on the origin of life before 1953:
1.  Simple sugars
2.  Amino acids
3.  Nucleotide
4.  Peptides