In the equation GPP – R = NPP,  R represents:
1. Environment factor
2. Respiration losses
3. Radiant energy
4. Retardation factor

Which of the following statements is not correct?

If a bamboo plant is growing in a far forest then what will its trophic level be:

1. First trophic level (T₁)

2. Second trophic level (T₂)

3. Third trophic level (T₃)

4. Fourth trophic level (T₄)

Which is the reason for the highest biomass in an aquatic ecosystem:

1. Nano plankton, blue-green algae, green algae

2. Seagrass, and slime molds

3. Benthonic and brown algae

4. Diatoms

Percentage of energy transferred to the higher tropic level in a food chain is:
1.  1%
2.  10%
3.  90%
4.  100%

Which of the following is expected to have the highest value (gm/$m^2$ /yr) in a grassland ecosystem: 

1. Tertiary production

2. Gross production (GP)

3. Net production (NP)

4. Secondary production 

Total amount of energy trapped by green plants in food is called:
1.  Gross primary production
2.  Net primary production
3.  Standing crop
4.  Standing state

The breakdown of detritus into smaller particles by earthworm is a process called:
1. Catabolism
2. Humification
3. Fragmentation
4. Mineralisation

Which one of the following animals may occupy more than one trophic levels in the same ecosystem at the same time?

1. Frog 

2. Sparrow

3. Lion 

4. Goat

The rate of decomposition is faster in the ecosystem due to the following factors EXCEPT:

1. Detritus rich in sugars

2. Warm and moist environment

3. Presence of aerobic soil microbes

4. Detritus richer in lignin and chitin