Which of the following is not a documented effect of alcoholism?
1.
intrauterine growth retardation in the fetus if the pregnant female consumes alcohol.
2.
cirrhosis of the liver secondary to fatty deposition in the liver.
3.
an increase in the secretion of ADH by the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
4.
gastritis and pancreatitis.
Philadelphia chromosome is associated with:
1. Retinoblastoma
2. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
3. Xerodermapigmentosum
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma
Plants do not have cancers as:
| 1. | they do not have circulation |
| 2. | they have highly developed immunity against them |
| 3. | the plant cells have cell walls |
| 4. | they already have meristems at their tips |
All of the following are true regarding inflammation except:
| 1. | The same sequence of events occurs in response to any injury, whether it be a burn, an infection, or trauma. |
| 2. | The signs of inflammation are pain, redness, swelling, heat, and possibly loss of function. |
| 3. | Cytokines, histamine, complement, and other chemical mediators are released. |
| 4. | Monocytes are the first cells to arrive from the bloodstream at the site of inflammation. |
IgM:
| 1. | has five antigen-binding sites. |
| 2. | has the ability to cross the placenta. |
| 3. | attaches to mast cells and basophils. |
| 4. | has five constant regions. |
Opsonization :
| 1. | is the killing of target cells by cytotoxic T cells. |
| 2. | is the secretory component of IgA. |
| 3. | helps increase phagocytosis. |
| 4. | is the interaction that allows IgG to cross the placenta. |
The epitope is the part of the :
| 1. | antibody that binds to the antigen. |
| 2. | antibody that binds to the T helper cell. |
| 3. | antigen that is bound by the antibody. |
| 4. | hypervariable region of the antibody. |
What type of immunity is induced by the hepatitis B vaccine?
1. naturally acquired active immunity.
2. naturally acquired passive immunity.
3. artificially acquired active immunity.
4. artificially acquired passive immunity.
Besides helper T cells, what are two other types of cells that HIV infects?
| 1. | macrophages and brain cells |
| 2. | B cells and liver cells |
| 3. | plasma cells and neutrophils |
| 4. | cytotoxic T cells and brain cells |
The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions described as variable?
| 1. | They can change their shapes to fit different antigens. |
| 2. | They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen. |
| 3. | Their specific shapes are unimportant. |
| 4. | The amino acid sequences of these regions vary widely among antibodies from different B cells. |
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