Assertion   :       The glomerular filtrate resembles the protein free plasma in composition and osmotic pressure.

Reason      :       The glomerular capillary wall and inner membrance of Bowman’s capsule are impermeable to large molecules.

1. If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion
2. If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion
3. If the assertion is true but the reason is false
4. If both the assertion and reason are false

Assertion             :       Kidneys maintain the osmotic concentration of the blood.

Reason      :       Kidneys eliminate either hypotonic or hypertonic urine according to the need of the body.

Assertion    :       During micturition, urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters.

Reason      :       Urethral sphincters relax during micturition.

Assertion   :       Secreting hypotonic urine is effective in reducing urinary loss of water.

Reason      :       Hypotonic urine is more concentrated and higher in osmotic pressure than the blood.

Assertion   :       In birds and reptiles, main excretory product is the combined form of urine and faeces.

Reason      :       Birds and reptiles have no separate chamber for excretion of urine and faeces.

Assertion   :       Hemodialysis can save and prolong the life of uremic patients.

Reason      :       Waste products like urea can be removed from the blood by the process of hemodialysis.

Assertion   :       Birds drink very little water and insects never consume water.

Reason      :       Birds and insects are uricotelic with negligible water requirement to eliminate nitrogenous waste.

Assertion :       The antidiuretic hormone increases the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule.

Reason    :       In absence of ADH, water re-absorption is considerably reduced.

Assertion  :       In the descending limb of loop of Henle, the urine is hypertonic, while in ascending limb of loop of Henle, the urine is Hypotonic.

Reason     :      Descending limb is impermeable to Na⁺, while ascending limb is impermeable to H₂O.

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is most toxic form and requires a lot of water for removal?

1.Ammonia

2.Urea

3.Uric acid

4.Creatinine