Ncert Exercises & Solutions

For an electrophilic substitution reaction, the presence of a halogen atom in the benzene ring ______

1. deactivates the ring by inductive effect

2. deactivates the ring by resonance

3. increases the charge density at ortho and para position relative to meta position by resonance.

4. directs the incoming electrophile to meta position by increasing the charge density relative to ortho and para position.

(1, 3)

For an electrophilic substitution reaction, the presence of halogen atom in the benzene ring deactivates the ring by inductive effect and increases the charge density at ortho and para position relative to meta position by resonance.

When chlorine is attached to benzene ring, chlorine being more electronegative pulls the electron i.e., -I-effect. The electron cloud of benzene is less dense. Chlorine makes aryl halide, moderately deactivating group. But due to resonance the electron density on ortho and para position is greater than in meta position.

The last structure contributes more to the orientation and hence halogen are o- and p-directors.

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