If there were only one type of charge in the universe, then,

1. sE.dS0 on any surface.
2. sE.dS=0 if the charge is outside the surface.
3. sE.dS could not be defined.
4. sE.dS=qε0 if charges of magnitude q were inside the surface.
Choose the correct statement(s):
1. a and d
2. a and c
3. b and d
4. c and d
(3) Hint: Use Gauss' law.
Step 1: Find the electric flux passing through a surface.
Gauss' law states that sE.dS=qε0, where q is the charge enclosed by the surface. If the charge is outside the surface, then the charge enclosed by the surface is equal to 0 and thus, sE.dS=0. Here, the electric flux doesn't depend on the type or nature of the charge.