Assertion (A): | Plant-animal interactions often involve co-evolution of the mutualists. |
Reason (R): | The mutually beneficial system should be safeguarded against ‘cheaters’. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not explain (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) correctly explains (A). |
3. | (A) is true but (R) is false. |
4. | (A) is false but (R) is true. |
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I: | Many species of fig trees can only be pollinated by their ‘partner’ wasp species and no other species. |
II: | The female wasp does not derive any benefit from this relationship. |
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I. | This exemplifies the operation of co-evolution between the bee and the flower. |
II. | All orchids offer rewards to their specific pollinators. |
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1. | Competition | 2. | Commensalism |
3. | Mutualism | 4. | Parasitism |
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I. | The anemone provides the clownfish with protection and shelter |
II. | The clownfish provides the anemone nutrients in the form of waste while also scaring off potential predator fish |
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Statement I: | The morphological and anatomical features of endoparasites are greatly simplified but their reproductive potential is very high. |
Statement II: | Unlike ectoparasites, endoparasites live inside the host body at different sites and their life cycles are more complex. |
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1. | Only I and II | 2. | Only III and IV |
3. | Only I and III | 4. | Only II and IV |
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Statement I: | Parasitism has evolved in many taxonomic groups from plants to higher vertebrates. |
Statement II: | Many parasites have evolved to be host-specific and both tend to co-evolve. |
Statement III: | All parasites have only one primary and one intermediate host. |
Statement IV: | Only a few of the parasites harm their hosts. |
1. | 1 | 2. | 2 |
3. | 3 | 4. | 4 |
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1. | Interspecific competition makes the realized niche of Chthamalus much larger than its fundamental niche. |
2. | Interspecific competition makes the realized niche of Chthamalus much smaller than its fundamental niche. |
3. | Interspecific competition makes the realized niche of Balanus much larger than its fundamental niche. |
4. | Interspecific competition makes the realized niche of Balanus much smaller than its fundamental niche. |
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1. | Cryptic colouration | 2. | Aposematic colouration |
3. | Batesian mimicry | 4. | Mullerian mimicry |