The net filtration pressure is the interaction of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, driving fluid out of the capillary and is:
1. about equal to the pulse pressure at 40 mmHg
2. favored by colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma
3. opposed by the hydrostatic pressure in afferent arteriole
4. estimated to be approximately 10 mmHg in human kidneys

A substance is neither filtered, reabsorbed, nor secreted in the kidney. This substance would be most likely found in:
1. glomerular filtrate
2. blood in the renal vein
3. Collecting duct
4. Loop of Henle

Polysaccharide inulin is used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because inulin is:

1. both filtered and secreted.

2. both filtered and reabsorbed.

3. filtered, but neither secreted nor reabsorbed.

4. only secreted.

A sensation of pain/discomfort is felt when the amount of urine collected in the bladder reaches about:

1. 100ml

2. 500ml

3. 200ml

4. 300ml

Assertion: The epithelial membrane that faces the filtrate in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
Reason: The ascending limb has a transport epithelium that lacks water channels.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The vasa recta can supply the kidneys with nutrients without interfering with the osmolarity gradient in the inner and outer medulla.
Reason: The descending and ascending limbs of the vasa recta carry blood in opposite directions though the kidney’s osmolarity gradient.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

A substance freely filtered and then completely reabsorbed by the nephron is:
1. creatinine
2. inulin
3. para amino hippuric acid
4. glucose

The urinary clearance of a substance is found to be less than its glomerular filtration rate. This substance most likely:
1. is filtered and is not subject to reabsorption or secretion
2. is filtered and is partially reabsorbed
3. is filtered and is partially secreted
4. is totally secreted

A substance like inulin is readily filtered at the glomerulus but is not reabsorbed or secreted in the tubules. The renal clearance rate of inulin:

1. equals the GFR.

2. is always greater than the GFR.

3. is less than the GFR.

4. does not affect the GFR.

Renal threshold denotes

1. the percent of the cardiac output received by the kidneys per minute.

2. the amount of filtrate formed in all the nephrons of both kidneys per minute.

3. the plasma concentration at which reabsorption mechanisms are saturated and the molecule appears in urine.

4. the plasma concentration at which a substance starts getting filtered at the glomerulus.