Assertion: The vasa recta can supply the kidneys with nutrients without interfering with the osmolarity gradient in the inner and outer medulla.
Reason: The descending and ascending limbs of the vasa recta carry blood in opposite directions though the kidney’s osmolarity gradient.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

1. If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion
2. If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion
3. If the assertion is true but the reason is false
4. If both the assertion and reason are false

Assertion: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme [ACE] inhibitors are widely used to treat hypertension.
Reason: Angiotensin II acts in several ways that increase blood pressure.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Water used in hemodialysis is carefully purified before use.
Reason: The damaged kidneys cannot perform their intended function of removing impurities.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Penicillin should be administered in large doses and several times per day.
Reason: Penicillin is eliminated in the urine by very rapid secretion in the tubules.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The epithelial membrane that faces the filtrate in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
Reason: The ascending limb has a transport epithelium that lacks water channels.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: In the freshwater flatworms, protonephridia serve chiefly in osmoregulation rather than in excretion.
Reason: Most metabolic wastes in freshwater flatworms diffuse out of the animal across the body surface or are eliminated into the gastrovascular cavity.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The kidneys of camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water.
Reason: Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Euryhaline Salmon fish osmoregulate in fresh water like other freshwater fishes.
Reason: In fresh water, salmon increases cortisol secretion which increases the number and size of salt-secreting chloride cells.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

What is true of urea biosynthesis?
1. Uric acid is the starting point
2. Urea is synthesized in lysosomes
3. Urea cycle enzymes are located inside mitochondria
4. Urea is synthesized in the kidney

Hypoalbuminemia will result in:

1. decreased colloid osmotic pressure.

2. decreased immunity.

3. increased clotting tendency of blood.

4. decreased filtration pressure.