Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?

1.	glucose	2.	sodium
3.	uric acid	4.	phosphate

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate the osmoreceptors leading to the secretion of:
1. Angiotensinogen from the liver
2. ADH from the hypothalamus
3. Renin from the juxtaglomerular cells
4. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Match the parts of the nephron in Column I with function/feature in Column II and select the answer from the codes given:

Codes

Identify the incorrectly matched pair:

When the kidneys are eliminating a concentrated urine, NaCl is returned to the medullary interstitium by:
1. Thick segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle
2. Thin segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle
3. Ascending limb of the vasa recta
4. Descending limb of the vasa recta

The functions of human kidneys do not include:
1. Secretion of renin to regulate GFR and blood pressure.
2. Activating vitamin D.
3. Site of maximum gluconeogenesis in the body.
4. Production of erythropoietin that stimulates bone marrow.

The glomerular filtration rate is most affected by:
1. blood osmotic pressure
2. capsular osmotic pressure
3. capsular hydrostatic pressure
4. net filtration pressure

All the following are the physiological effects of angiotensin II except:
1. Vasoconstriction in renal artery and afferent arteriole
2. Vasodilation in efferent arteriole
3. Increased sodium absorption in PCT
4. Stimulation of adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

What will happen to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) if efferent arteriole smooth muscle is contracted?
1. GFR will increase
2. GFR will decrease
3. GFR will remain constant
4. GFR will increase initially and then decrease

Aderenal cortex releases aldosterone when activated by:
1. ADH
2. Low potassium concentration in ECF
3. Angiotensin II
4. Renin