In which of the following disorders alveolar walls are damaged, surface area for gaseous exchange is reduced and the air sacs remain filled with air even after expiration?

1. Pneumonia 

2. Coryza

3. Emphysema

4. SARS

The pO${}_2$ in systemic arteries and systemic veins is respectively

1. 95, 40 mmHg

2. 95, 45 mmHg

3. 40, 95 mmHg

4. 104, 40 mmHg

Mark the incorrect combination with respect to pulmonary capacities

1. IC = TV + IRV

2. FRC = RV + ERV

3. VC = TLC + RV

4. EC = TV + ERV

Which of the following statements are correct with respect to transportation of gases?

A. Blood transport ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ comparatively easily because of its higher solubility

B. ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ diffuses into blood, passes into RBCs and reacts with water to form ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3$

C. 20-25 percent ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ is carried by haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin

D. Oxyhaemoglobin of erythrocytes is basic in nature and it increases pH of blood

1. A only

2. A & B only

3. A, B & C only

4. A, B, C & D

Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration is 

A. Tidal volume               B. TV + ERV

C. Expiratory capacity      D. ERV + RV

1. A only

2. B & C only

3. A, B & C only

4. A,B,C & D

The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration includes

1. ERV (Expiratory Reserve volume)

2. TV (Tidal Volume)

3. IRV ( Inspiratory Reserve Volume)

4. All of these

Which of the following statements is not correct?

1. Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration is about 2200 ml

2. Partial pressure of ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ and ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ in alveoli is 40 mm Hg and 104 mm Hg respectively

3. Alveoli of lungs are lined by thin squamous epithelium

4. High amount of carbonic anhydrase is found in RBCs

The movement of air into the lungs occurs due to a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. So, inspiration occurs when/due to

1. Intra pulmonary is less than the atmospheric pressure

2. Increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis

3. Contraction of external inter-costal muscles and phrenic muscles

4. All of these

The diffusion membrane or respiratory membrane does not include

1. Thin squamous epithelium

2. Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

3. Endothelium

4. Basement membrane 

Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm. This is done by neural control. Which of the following is not related with respiration ?

1. Pneumotaxic centre

2. Respiratory rhythm centre

3. Hypothalamus

4. Aortic and carotid body receptors