From an evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in:

1.	Gymnosperms	2.	Liverworts
3.	Mosses	4.	Pteridophytes

Choose the incorrect match from following:-

1.  Cycas-branched stem.

2.  Salvinia-heterosporous sporophyte.

3.  Marchantia-Elaters.

4.  Chlorella-used by space travellers.

Assertion: Seeds are formed in Gymnosperms.

Reason: Female gametophyte is retained within megasporangium in Gymnosperms.

Leafy stage develops from the secondary protonema as a
1. Apical bud 

2. Axillary bud

3. Lateral bud

4.  Meristem

The given diagram shows:

Read the following statements.
(a) Gymnosperms are heterosporous.
(b) Bryophytes have well developed vessels and
sieve tubes.
(c) Strobilus is found in the main plant body of
Equisetum.
(d) Antheridia are absent but archegonia are present
in female storobil of gymnosperms.
Choose the correct option.
1. All of these 

2. (a), (c) and (d)

3.  Only (a) 

4. (b) and (c)

Choose the correct statement.

1. Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum and among 70 species of marine algae used as food.

2. Agar is used to grow microbes and in preparations of ice creams and jellies.

3. Algae are useful to man in a variety of ways.

4. All of these.

Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because:

1. its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination.

2. its embryo is immature.

3. it has an obligate association with mycorrhizae.

4. it has a very hard seed coat.

Mannitol is the stored food in:
1. Chara
2. Porphyra
3. Fucus
4. Gracillaria

A Prothallus is

1. A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus develops

2. A sporophytic free living structure formed in pteridophytes

3. A gametophyte free living structure formed in pteridophytes

4. A primitive structure formed after fertilization in pteridophytes