From an evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in:

1.	Gymnosperms	2.	Liverworts
3.	Mosses	4.	Pteridophytes

Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because:

1. its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination.

2. its embryo is immature.

3. it has an obligate association with mycorrhizae.

4. it has a very hard seed coat.

Which of the following pairs is of unicellular algae?

1. Gelidium and Gracilaria

2. Anabaena and Volvox

3. Chlorella and Spirulina

4. Laminaria and Sargassum

Floridian starch has structure similar to :

1. Amylopectin and glycogen

2. Mannitol and algin

3. Laminarin and cellulose

4. Starch and cellulose

Strobili or cones are found in:

Phycoerythrin is the major pigment in:
1. Red algae
2. Blue-green algae
3. Green algae
4. Brown algae

Which of the following statements is incorrect about gymnosperms?

1. They are heterosporous

2. Male and female gametophytes are free-living

3. Most of them have narrow leaves with thick cuticles

4. Their seeds are not covered

Which of the following algae contains mannitol as reserve food material?

Which of the following algae produce Carrageen?

Gemmae are present in:

1. Some Gymnosperms

2. Some Liverworts

3. Mosses

4. Pteridophytes