| Assertion (A): | Ecosystems with higher species richness tend to be more stable and resilient to disturbances. |
| Reason (R): | Higher species richness reduces competition among species, leading to ecosystem stability. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |