In majority of the nephrons, the loop of Henle:
1. is absent
2. extends only a little into the medulla
3. extends deep into the medulla
4. is associated with a highly developed vasa recta
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Juxtamedullary nephrons:
1. are more common than cortical nephrons
2. do not have a well developed vasa recta associated with them
3. play a very important role in concentration of urine
4. produce angiotensinogen
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Beginning from the collecting duct, arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes to the external environment: (A) ureter, (B) renal pelvis, (C) calyx, (D) urinary bladder, (E) urethra.
1. A, B, C, D, E | 2. C, D, A, E, B |
3. C, B, A, D, E | 4. B, D, A, C, E |
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A capillary network around the renal tubule is formed by:
1. Afferent arteriole | 2. Efferent arteriole |
3. Vasa recta | 4. Arcuate artery |
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A series of straight capillaries in the medulla that lie parallel to the loop of Henle are called:
1. | arcuate arteries | 2. | efferent arterioles |
3. | afferent arterioles | 4. | vasa recta |
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The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis
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A. | Malpighian body | Site for ultra-filtration |
B. | Proximal convoluted tubule | Maximum reabsorption of filtrate |
C. | Descending limb of loop of Henle | Permeable to water; almost impermeable to electrolytes |
D. | Ascending limb of loop of Henle | Impermeable to water; allows transport of electrolytes |
E. | Distal convoluted tubule | Conditional reabsorption of sodium and water |
F. | Collecting duct | Concentration of urine; allows passage of urea |
1. | All except C and D | 2. | All except B and E |
3. | All except F | 4. | All |
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Identify the incorrect statement regarding proximal convoluted tubule:
1. | It is lined by simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium |
2. | It reabsorbs 70-80 % of electrolytes and water and nearly all nutrients |
3. | In juxta-medullary nephrons, it extends deep into the renal medulla |
4. | It secretes hydrogen ions, ammonia and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to maintain the ionic and pH balance of the body fluids |
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The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron is lined by:
1. simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
2. simple ciliated columnar epithelium
3. compound cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
4. simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
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The part of the nephron that is least permeable to water is the:
1. ascending limb of the loop of Henle
2. descending limb of the loop of Henle
3. collecting duct
4. proximal convoluted tubule
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