Vasa recta in cortical nephrons :

1. Arises from afferent arteriole rather than efferent arteriole

2. Does not get involved in counter current exchange with loop of Henle

3. Carries deoxygenated blood rich in urea

4. Is absent or highly reduced 

The proximal convoluted tubule is lined by the:
1. Simple cuboidal epithelium
2. Simple columnar epithelium
3. Simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
4. Simple columnar brush bordered epithelium

During the concentration of urine by the human kidneys, NaCl is returned to the medullary interstitium by the:

1. Descending limb of the loop of Henle

2. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

3. Descending limb of the vasa recta

4. Ascending limb of the vasa recta

An increase in the blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of:

1. Erythropoeitin

2. Atrial natriuretic factor

3. Renin

4. Aldosterone

On average, what amount of urea is excreted out per day by a healthy human being?

1. 5-10 gm

2. 15-20 gm

3. 25-30 gm

4. 50-60 gm

Match each item in Column I with one in Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below:

            A      B      C

 1.        b      d      f

 2.        a      d      f

 3.        a      c      e

 4.        b      d      e

Excretion of dilute urine requires

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:

1. DCT and Efferent arteriole at the point of their contact

2. DCT and the Afferent arteriole at the point of their contact

3. PCT and Afferent arteriole at the point of their contact

4. PCT and Efferent arteriole at the point of their contact

Which of the following statements about the kidneys is incorrect?

1. They consume over 20% of the oxygens used by the body at rest.

2. Approximately 1200ml of fluid is filtrated by the kidneys each day.

3. 120-125 ml of plasma is forced into the renal tubules each minute.

4. They compose less than 1% of the body weight.

Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys: