Which of the parts labeled A–D are correctly identified with their functions?

(1) A–Afferent arteriole – Carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards the renal vein

(2) B–Brush border – Create minute spaces epithelium for the filtration of blood into the Bowman’s capsule

(3) C–Henle’s loop – Maximum reabsorption of major substances from glomerular filtrate

(4) D–DCT – Secretion of K⁺ ions into the filtrate

Substance ‘X’ which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I is secreted by

(1) Wall of heart

(2) Adrenal cortex

(3) Liver

(4) JG cells

Ketonuria : Ketone bodies in urine : : Uremia : _______.
Complete the analogy.

1. Elevated urea in circulating blood

2. Excretion of urea in urine

3. Deposits of uric acid in bones

4. Failure of urea production by liver

Read the following statements

a. Glucose is partially absorbed in the PCT.

b. ADH helps in diluting the urine by acting on DCT and collecting ducts

c. In cortical nephrons, vasa recta are absent or highly reduced.

d. In a healthy person, 180 litre glomerular filtrate is formed per day by the kidney.

Which statements are incorrect with respect to a healthy adult human?

(1) c and d only

(2) a and b only

(3) a and c only

(4) b and d only

Micturition does not involve

1. Relaxation of urethral sphincter

2. Contraction of urinary bladder

3. Stretching of transitional epithelium of urinary bladder

4. Contraction of ureters

Complete the analogy with respect to reabsorption

PCT : Glucose and amino acids :: DCT : _____

1. K⁺ and H⁺

2. H⁺ and ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}$

3. NaCl and ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}$

4. K⁺ and H₂O

Choose the correct statement

1. ADH deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus

2. Kidneys produce urine more concentrated than initial filtrate

3. A healthy human produces 5L urine per day

4. Ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water

Sebaceous gland secretion mainly contains

1. Amino acids and glucose

2. Sterols and lactic acid

3. NaCl and wax

4. Sterols and hydrocarbons

This hormone promotes loss of sodium and water in urine, thereby increasing urinary output. This hormone is released from

1. JG cells

2. Liver

3. Medulla

4. Atrial walls of heart

Which of the following is almost completely reabsorbed by active reabsorption in the nephrons of a healthy person?

1. Urea

2. Creatinine

3. Glucose

4. Water