A person has atrial septal defect [hole in the interatrial septum]. This would result in the abnormal flow of blood from:
1. the right side of the heart to the left
2. the left side of the heart to the right
3. the pulmonary artery to the aorta
4. the ductus arteriosus to the aorta
Atria can completely empty during ventricular filling due to:
1. A-V node
2. A-V bundle
3. S-A node
4. Purkinje fibers
Under normal physiological conditions a higher cardiac output can be achieved by a higher:
1. extracellular concentration
2. blood pressure in the systemic circulation
3. venous return
4. parasympathetic tone
| Assertion (A): | Prolonged aerobic exercise training may also increase stroke volume, which frequently results in a lower (resting) heart rate. |
| Reason (R): | Reduced heart rate prolongs ventricular diastole (filling), increasing end-diastolic volume, and ultimately allowing more blood to be ejected. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |
| Assertion (A): | Although rare, but runners and athletes can suffer heart failure if they stop vigorous exercise abruptly. |
| Reason (R): | To reduce the risk athletes are encouraged to follow hard exercise with moderate activity such as walking. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of the (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |