During ecological succession

(1) the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

(2) the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

(3) the numbers and types of animals remain constant

(4) the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community

Which of the following would appear as the pioneer organisms on bare rocks?
(1) Liverworts

(2) Mosses

(3) Green algae

(4) Lichens

In which of the following both pairs have the correct combination?

Secondary succession takes place on/in

(1) bara rock

(2) degraded forest

(3) newly created pond

(4) newly cooled lava

Match the following and select the correct option.

     Column I                      Column II

A.  Earthworm                 1. Pioneer species

B. Succession                  2. Detritivore

C. Ecosystem service       3. Natality

D. Population growth        4. Pollination

      A          B         C         D

(1) 1           2         3         4

(2) 4           1         3         2

(3) 3           2         4         1

(4) 2           1         4         3 

Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem with

four blanks (A-D). Identify the blanks.

About 70% of total global carbon is found in

1. grasslands

2. agro-ecosystems

3. oceans

4. forests

Animals take phosphorous from 
(1) water 

(2) plants

(3) rock 

(4) soil.

Most of the world's carbon is found:

1. As carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

2. In living organisms.

3. As bicarbonate and carbonate ions dissolved in the oceans.

4. As carbonate minerals in sedimentary rock.

Photosynthesis and respiration are central to which cycle?
1. The nitrogen cycle 

2. The carbon cycle

3. The phosphorus cycle

4. The sulfur cycle