JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:

1.	DCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact
2.	DCT and the efferent arteriole at the location of their contact
3.	PCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact
4.	PCT and the efferent arteriole at the location of their contact

The functions of human kidneys do not include:
1. Secretion of renin to regulate GFR and blood pressure.
2. Activating vitamin D.
3. Site of maximum gluconeogenesis in the body.
4. Production of erythropoietin that stimulates bone marrow.

The micturition reflex is coordinated at the level of:
1. Sacral spinal cord
2. Pontine micturition center
3. Hypothalamus
4. Cerebrum

Protonephridia are the excretory structures in all the following except:

Beginning from the collecting duct, arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes to the external environment: (A) ureter, (B) renal pelvis, (C) calyx, (D) urinary bladder, (E) urethra.

Where do you expect to find podocytes?
1. In the wall of afferent arteriole
2. In the wall of the DCT
3. In the lining of Bowman’s capsule
4. In the lining of Vasa recta

Epithelium present in the mucosal lining of the urinary bladder is:
1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
2. squamous
3. transitional epithelium
4. simple columnar epithelium

The main physiological stimulus for vasopressin release is

The average weight of the human kidney varies between:

A counter current mechanism for concentration of urine exists between: