Conditional absorption of water takes place mainly in:

1. PCT	2. Loop of Henle
3. DCT	4. Collecting duct

A reduction in expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion is a function of:
1. ADH
2. Aldosterone
3. Angiotensin II
4. ANF

What will happen to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) if efferent arteriole smooth muscle is contracted?
1. GFR will increase
2. GFR will decrease
3. GFR will remain constant
4. GFR will increase initially and then decrease

All the following are the physiological effects of angiotensin II except:
1. Vasoconstriction in renal artery and afferent arteriole
2. Vasodilation in efferent arteriole
3. Increased sodium absorption in PCT
4. Stimulation of adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

The urine examination of a healthy person should not show the presence of:

A person has a cardiac output of 6000 ml per minute and 20% of this is received by kidneys. What is the renal plasma flow per minute?

Identify the incorrect statement regarding anatomy of human kidney:

The glomerular filtration rate is most affected by:
1. blood osmotic pressure
2. capsular osmotic pressure
3. capsular hydrostatic pressure
4. net filtration pressure

JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:

The functions of human kidneys do not include:
1. Secretion of renin to regulate GFR and blood pressure.
2. Activating vitamin D.
3. Site of maximum gluconeogenesis in the body.
4. Production of erythropoietin that stimulates bone marrow.