In a grassland, herbivore population increases. Surprisingly, plant biomass stays constant for 3 years. Soil nitrogen increases during this period.  What BEST explains the observation?
1. Herbivores reduce nitrogen fixation 
2. Energy flow pyramid becomes inverted 
3. Herbivore grazing induces faster plant growth → compensatory response 
4. Herbivores become scavengers
Subtopic:  Ecosystem Productivity |
 63%
Level 2: 60%+
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A graph shows GPP peaking in mid-summer and falling in winter. NPP shows a smaller peak and declines sharply during late summer despite high GPP. Explain:
1. PAR availability declines sharply in late summer 
2. Mineral nutrients are highest in winterm reducing GPP in summer 
3, Plant respiration increases in late summer, lowering NPP 
4. Herbivory decreases respiration in late summer 
 
Subtopic:  Ecosystem Productivity |
 72%
Level 2: 60%+
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