Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys:

1.	The renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla.
2.	ADH is secreted by anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolality of the blood.
3.	A normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolality greater than 300 mOsmil.kg-1.
4.	ADH acts on the cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water.

Describe urine in relationship to glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion urine:

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) will promote a(n) ________ in the excretion of sodium and water; thus ________ blood volume and blood pressure.

1. decrease, decreasing

2. decrease; increasing

3. increase, decreasing

4. increase, increasing

In the given diagram what would be the value of the osmolality of fluid at points A and B respectively?

1. 1000 and 1000
2. 1200 and 1000
3. 1000 and 1200
4. 1200 and 1200

Consider the following statements :

I. Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, and aquatic insects are ammonotelic.

II. Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes are ureotelic.

III. Reptiles, birds, land snails, and insects are uricotelic.

Which of the above statements are true?

1. I and II only

2. I and III only

3. II and III only

4. I, II and III

Which of the following statements is correct?

1. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water

2. The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water

3. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water

4. The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes

The part of nephron involved in conditional reabsorption of sodium is

1. distal convoluted tubule

2. Proximal convoluted tubule

3. Bowman's capsule

4. descending limb of Henle's loop

Which of the following does not favor the formation of large quantities of dilute urine?

1. Alcohol 

2. Caffeine

3. Renin 

4. Atrial-natriuretic factor

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted

tubule?

1. Increase in aldosterone levels

2. Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels

3. Decrease in aldosterone levels

4. Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels

Which one of the following correctly explains the function of a specific part of a human

nephron?

1. Henle's loop - most reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrated 

2. Distal convoluted tubule - reabsorption of ions into the surrounding blood capillaries

3. Afferent arteriole - carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein 

4. Podocytes- create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the

Bowman's capsule