ALTIUS - Unit Test # 4 (OLD NCERT)

Botany - Section A

1.

Primary macronutrients are heavily used by plants. Based on your understanding of role of macronutrients , section 12.2.2, NCERT, can you predict which of the following may be a secondary macronutrient for plants?
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Calcium

2.

Plant growth and development mainly depend on:
1. nitrogen; phosphorus; oxygen
2. potassium; carbon; calcium
3. oxygen; carbon; hydrogen
4. phosphorus; nitrogen; potassium

3.

Photorespiration rates are increased by:

I:	lowered availability of carbon dioxide
II:	increased availability of oxygen
III:	increased temperature

1.	Only I and II	2.	Only I and III
3.	Only II and III	4.	I, II and III

4.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	Spraying cereal fields with 2,4-D eliminates monocot weeds.
Reason (R):	Dicots can rapidly inactivate synthetic auxins.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

5.

The source of hydrogen most probably used by the earliest photosynthesizers was:
1. Hydrogen sulfide
2. Water
3. Methane
4. Glucose

6.

An analysis of xylem exudates will show that most of the nitrogen is carried as:
1. Inorganic ions
2. Ammonia dissolved in water
3. Dinitrogen
4. Organic compounds such as amino acids

7.

Identify the correct statements regarding factors affecting photosynthesis:

I:	At very high light intensities chlorophyll damage can occur due to photo-oxidation.
II:	Affinity for carbon dioxide of the enzyme RuBisCO is reduced at higher temperatures.
III:	The current availability of carbon dioxide may be a limiting factor for C₃ plants.
IV:	If leaf undergoes senescence, loss of chlorophyll occurs.

1.	I, II and III only	2.	I, II and IV only
3.	II, II and IV only	4.	I, II, III and IV

8.

Surface area for water absorption from soil by the roots of the plants is increased due to all of the following except:
1. root hairs
2. endodermis
3. mycorrhizae
4. fibrous arrangement of the roots

9.

The water potential [Ψ] in root tissue was found to be -0.13 MPa. The Ψ of 0.1 M solution of sucrose is -0.23. If the root tissue is placed in this solution, the net water movement is expected to be
1. from the root tissue into the sucrose solution.
2. from the sucrose solution into the root tissue.
3. equal in both direction.
4. requiring ATP hydrolysis for either direction.

10.

The importance of lactic acid fermentation lies in the fact that it:
1. reduces NAD⁺ to NADH
2. reduces FAD⁺ to FADH₂
3. oxidizes NADH to NAD⁺
4. reduces FADH₂ to FAD⁺

11.

The source of oxygen for the synthesis of water in oxidative phosphorylation is:
1. carbon dioxide
2. glucose
3. molecular oxygen
4. pyruvate

12.

It is vital to bubble air into the solute in hydroponic culture to:
1. evenly distribute the dissolved nutrients
2. provide oxygen to the root cells
3. inhibit the growth of fungi
4. inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria

13.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	PEP carboxylase can fix carbon more efficiently than RuBisCO when it is hot and dry and stomata are partially closed.
Reason (R):	PEP carboxylase has a much high affinity for CO₂ than RuBisCO and no affinity for O₂.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

14.

Nitrogen is unique amongst the essential mineral nutrients needed by the plant as it:
1. can be lost from the soil.
2. requires the action of bacteria to be made available to plants.
3. is part of nucleic acids.
4. is absorbed by the leaves through stomata.

15.

Cohesion of water molecules is due to:
1. a high latent heat of vaporization of water
2. higher density of liquid water than solid water
3. hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
4. covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

16.

Assertion: A plant deficient in magnesium first shows signs of chlorosis in older leaves.
Reason: If a nutrient moves about freely, symptoms appear first in older organs.
1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

17.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	Plant growth and development is intimately linked to the water status of a plant.
Reason (R):	Oxygen helps in releasing metabolic energy essential for growth activities.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

18.

What differentiates active transport from facilitated diffusion?
I. Uphill transport
II. Requirement of special membrane proteins
III. Selective nature
1. Only I
2. Only I and II
3. Only I and III
4. Only II and III

19.

Micronutrients in plants generally act:
1. as cofactors in enzymatic reactions.
2. to enhance regulatory functions.
3. to prevent chlorosis.
4. in the formation of cell walls.

20.

Which one of the following pairs, is not correctly matched?
1. Abscisic acid - Stomatal closure
2. Gibberellic acid - Leaf fall
3. Cytokinin - Cell division
4. IAA - Cell wall elongation

21.

The reactions of the Calvin Cycle occur in:

1.	stroma of the chloroplast
2.	thylakoid membrane
3.	lumen of the thylakoids
4.	space between outer and inner membrane of the chloroplast

22.

Assertion: Excess of manganese may induce deficiencies of iron, magnesium and calcium.
Reason: Many a times, excess of an element may inhibit the uptake of another element.
1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

23.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	Pyruvate decarboxylation or pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Reason (R):	Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

24.

Isolated inner membrane of mitochondria can carry out:
1. the citric acid cycle
2. oxidative phosphorylation
3. glycolysis and fermentation
4. reduction of ${NAD}^{+}$

25.

The antenna pigment molecules:

1.	are responsible for photolysis of water to release oxygen
2.	harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
3.	transfer electrons to chlorophyll a
4.	transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH

26.

Based on the figure given below, which of the following statement is not correct?

1. Movement of solvent molecules will take place from chamber A to B
2. Movement of solute will take place from A to B
3. Presence of a semipermeable is a prerequisite for this process to occur
4. The direction and rate of osmosis depends on both the pressure gradient and concentration gradient

27.

NADH is produced during
I. glycolysis
II. the oxidation of pyruvate
III. the Krebs cycle

1.	Only I and II	2.	Only I and III
3.	Only II and III	4.	I, II and III

28.

Glycolytic pathway evolved very early in evolution. This is supported by the fact that:

1.	The ATP production in glycolysis is much less than in oxidative phosphorylation.
2.	It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
3.	It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
4.	It does not need any enzymes that evolved much later.

29.

Root development is promoted by -

1.	Auxin	2.	Gibberellin
3.	Ethylene	4.	Abscisic acid

30.

If turgor pressure becomes equal to the wall pressure, then
1. water leaves the cell
2. water enters the cell
3. no exchange of water takes place
4. solute goes from the cell into water

31.

Identify the correct relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration:

1.	while only autotrophs photosynthesize, only heterotrophs respire
2.	while photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics, respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP
3.	photosynthesis occurs in day time and respiration at night
4.	ATP cannot be formed during photosynthesis, it can only be formed in cellular respiration.

32. The 5-C compound formed during TCA cycle is:

1.	α–ketoglutaric acid	2.	Oxalo succinic acid
3.	Succinic acid	4.	Fumaric acid

33.

The function of leghemoglobin in the root nodules of legumes is
1. oxygen removal
2. nodule differentiation
3. expression of nif gene
4. inhibition of nitrogenase activity

34. The ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment leading to formation of different kinds of
structures is called :

1.	Redifferentiation	2.	Development
3.	Plasticity	4.	Differentiation

35. Which of the following pair represents free living nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria?
1. Rhizobium and Frankia
2. Azotobacter and Beijernickia
3. Anabaena and Rhodospirillum
4. Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus

Botany - Section B

36.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	Application of gibberellins can restore normal growth and development in all dwarf mutants.
Reason (R):	Gibberellins act antagonist to auxin to promote stem elongation.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

37.

Assertion: Denitrification is the oxidation of nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N₂).
Reason: This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in aerobic conditions.
1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

38.

What percentage of ATP formed in a glycolytic pathway is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation?

1.	0%	2.	3.5%
3.	32%	4.	100%

39.

The ‘triple response to mechanical stress’ is related to the plant growth regulator:
1. Ethylene
2. ABA
3. Auxin
4. Cytokinin

40.

If by radiation, all nitrogenase enzymes are inactivated, then there will be no
1. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
2. Conversion from nitrate to nitrite in legumes
3. Conversion from ammonium to nitrate in soil
4. Fixation of nitrogen in legumes

41.

Plants bend toward light because

1.	light is the source of energy that drives photosynthesis.
2.	the sun stimulates stem growth.
3.	cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.
4.	there is inactivation of auxin on the dark side of the stem.

42.

In photosystem-I, the first electron acceptor is :

1.	ferredoxin	2.	cytochrome
3.	plastocyanin	4.	an iron-sulphur protein

43.

Various factors affect stomatal movement. Which of the following is not a correct relation between the factor and stomatal movement?

1.	Stomata open in the presence of light and close in darkness.
2.	Stomata tend to open more with an increase in temperature especially up to 30 $°$ C.
3.	Water stress induces stomatal closure.
4.	With an increase in carbon dioxide concentration inside the leaf, the stomata open.

44.

As compared to a $C_{3}$ plant, how many additional molecules of ATP are needed for net production of one molecule of hexose sugar by $C_{4}$ plants ?

1.	Zero	2.	Six
3.	Two	4.	Twelve

45.

The net reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:

1.	2H₂O + 2NAD⁺ + 3ADP + 3Pi $\rightarrow$ O₂+ 2NADH + 3ATP
2.	2H₂O + 3NAD⁺ + 2ADP + 3Pi $\rightarrow$ O₂+ 3NADH + 2ATP
3.	2H₂O + 2NADP⁺ + 3ADP + 3Pi $\rightarrow$ O₂+ 2NADH + 3ATP
4.	2H₂O + 3NADP⁺ + 2ADP + 3Pi $\rightarrow$ O₂+ 3NADH + 3ATP

46.

Consider the following statements:
I. In diffusion, different substances move independently of one another depending on their individual concentration gradients.
II. Similarly, in bulk transport, different substances move independently of one another depending on their individual concentration gradients.
III. Bulk flow can be achieved either through a positive hydrostatic pressure or through a negative hydrostatic pressure.
Correct statements are:
1. I, II, III
2. I and II
3. I and III
4. II and III

47.

“Sink” in the context of phloem transport of sucrose can normally be all the following except:
1. young growing leaf
2. shoot tip
3. storage organ in summer
4. mature leaf

48.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?
1. It functions as an enzymes
2. It functions as an electron carrier
3. It is a nucleotide source for ATP synthesis
4. It is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration

49.

One set of a plant was grown at 12 hours a day and 12 hours night period cycles and it flowered while in the other set, night phase was interrupted by a flash of light and it did not produce a flower. Under which one of the following categories will you place this plant?
1. Darkness neutral
2. Day neutral
3. Short day
4. Long day

50. The phenomenon by which the undividing parenchyma cells start to divide mitotically during plant tissue culture is called as :

1.	Differentiation	2.	Dedifferentiation
3.	Redifferentiation	4.	Secondary growth

Zoology - Section A

51.

Assertion: Most of the water in the alimentary canal is absorbed by the large intestine.
Reason: The brush bordered epithelium is most extensively developed in the large intestine.
1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

52.

Lysozyme and thiocynate ions present in saliva:
1. hydrolyse amylose but not amylopectin
2. hydrolyse amylopectin but not amylase
3. help bacterial flora in oral cavity to thrive
4. are very important for oral hygiene

53.

Which of the following is correctly matched?

1.	Gross calorific value of proteins	5.65 kcal/g
2.	Physiologic calorific value of fats	9.45 kcal/g
3.	Kwashiorkor	Simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories
4.	Marasmus	Extensive edema and swelling

54.

From the undigested food reaching it, the large intestine absorbs most of:
1. The vitamins
2. Bile salts
3. Water
4. Both 2 and 3

55.

A motor unit is

1.	all the muscle fibers innervated by all the motor neurons in a muscle.
2.	all the fibers in one fasciculus.
3.	all the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron in a muscle.
4.	all the motor neurons that innervate one muscle fiber in a muscle.

56.

Identify the correct statement regarding the semicircular canals of the human internal ear:
1. There are three of them, all oriented in the same direction but sensitive to all possible head motions.
2. There are six of them, organized in three pairs with each pair sensitive to one kind of motion, such as up or down.
3. There are three stacked in a random fashion; all contributing to fluid flow through the utricle and saccule which interpret the direction of head movement from the resulting
fluid flow.
4. There are three oriented in different planes so that angular acceleration can be detected.

57.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	It is important that the lungs are situated in air-tight thoracic chamber.
Reason (R):	Humans cannot directly alter the pulmonary volumes.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

58.

The epithelium of visceral organs is called as:
1. Epidermis
2. Endothelium
3. Mesothelium
4. Mesentery

59.

Arrange the following events in the correct chronological order:

a.	calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b.	sarcoplasmic reticulum takes up calcium ions
c.	calcium ions diffuse towards troponin
d.	action potential moves down the T tubule
e.	the length of the sarcomere shortens
f.	muscle relaxes

1.	a, c, d, e, b, f	2.	b, c, e, d, f, a
3.	d, a, c, e, b, f	4.	d, b, c, e, a, f

60.

The peripheral chemoreceptors for regulation of respiration are located:
1. adjacent to the rhythm center
2. near arch of aorta and carotid artery
3. in the walls of trachea
4. in the walls of the alveoli

61.

Which substance is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by different regions of the nephron tubules?

1.	potassium ion (K⁺)	2.	inulin
3.	urea	4.	glucose

62.

To move into the intestinal mucosa, fatty acids and glycerol are first incorporated into:
1. Phospholipids
2. Micelles
3. Chylomicrons
4. Chenodeoxycholic acid

63.

Neurotransmitters:
1. are chemical signals.
2. are broken down slowly after they are released.
3. occur in gap junctions.
4. are released by the postsynaptic cell.

64.

What is the percentage of atrial blood that flows into the ventricles without atrial systole?

1.	90	2.	70
3.	50	4.	30

65.

The first heart sound is heard during the:
1. Beginning of ventricular systole
2. End of ventricular systole
3. Beginning of atrial systole
4. End of ventricular diastole

66.

The second most common formed elements in the human blood are:

1.	Proteins	2.	Water
3.	RBC	4.	Thrombocytes

67.

With respect to the human upper limb, identify the incorrectly matched pair:
1. Number of bones in arm: 1
2. Number of bones in forearm: 2
3. Number of bones in wrist: 10
4. Number of bones in fingers: 14

68.

The rarest white blood cells are:

1.	neutrophils	2.	eosinophils
3.	basophils	4.	lymphocytes

69.

Dehydration in human body will:
1. inhibit the thirst center
2. cause stomach distention
3. stimulate osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
4. inhibit ADH secretion

70.

The number of pairs of vertebrosternal ribs in humans are:

1.	3	2.	2
3.	7	4.	10

71.

An oblique muscle layer in the muscularis is present in:
1. Stomach
2. Duodenum
3. Rectum
4. Anal canal

72.

The four major lobes of the cerebrum are called as:
1. dorsal, ventral, lateral and medial
2. parietal, frontal, dorsal, occipital
3. motor, sensory, associative and integrative
4. frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

73.

The pair of glands that are composed of follicles and stromal tissue is:

1.	Pancreas and adrenal	2.	Thyroid and pituitary
3.	Ovary and thyroid	4.	Ovary and testis

74.

Identify an exocrine gland amongst the following:

1.	adrenal	2.	pineal
3.	parathyroid	4.	salivary

75.

What is not true regarding vomiting?
1. It is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.
2. It is usually voluntary but can occur as a reflex action.
3. It is controlled by the vomit centre in the medulla oblongata.
4. A feeling of nausea precedes vomiting.

76.

The SA node is called as the normal pacemaker of the human heart because:

1.	it is the only muscle in the nodal tissue and human heart is myogenic
2.	it is the remnant of the sinus venosus
3.	it is located in the right atrium, and atria must contract before ventricles
4.	it generates impulse at maximum rate in the nodal tissue

77.

The urine examination of a healthy person should not show the presence of:

1.	nitrogenous waste	2.	chloride
3.	protein	4.	sodium

78.

When carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin in blood, it forms:
1. Carboxyhemoglobin
2. Carbaminohemoglobin
3. Methemoglobin
4. Oxidized hemoglobin

79.

An ATPase activity is associated with:
1. G actin molecule
2. head of myosin molecule
3. troponin molecule
4. F actin

80.

All the following lead to a right shift of oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve except:
1. Increase in pH
2. Increase in temperature
3. Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide
4. Presence of 2,3-DPG

81.

Secretin and cholecystokinin are digestive hormones. They are secreted in

1.	Oesophagus	2.	Ileum
3.	Duodenum	4.	Pyloric stomach

82.

Identify the correct match:
1. Nociception: perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body
2. Proprioception: sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli
3. Gustation: sensation of taste
4. Olfaction: sensation of hearing

83.

What percent of filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules in human kidneys?

1.	Less than 5%	2.	About 50%
3.	About 70%	4.	More than 99%

84.

The volume of thoracic chamber can be increased by:
1. Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
2. Contraction of diaphragm and internal intercostals
3. Relaxation of diaphragm and contraction of external intercostals
4. Relaxation of diaphragm and contraction of internal intercostals

85.

A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient. This mechanism in human kidneys involves:
1. proximal tubule and distal tubule.
2. loop of Henle and vasa recta.
3. distal tubule and collecting duct.
4. glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Zoology - Section B

86.

Which of the following is most likely to take place during quiet expiration?
1. abdominal muscles relax.
2. diaphragm moves inferiorly.
3. external intercostal muscles contract.
4. thorax and lungs passively recoil.

87.

Which of the given three layers in the respiratory membrane is/are one-celled thick?

I:	Alveolar epithelium
II:	Basement substance
III:	Vascular endothelium

1.	Only I	2.	Only I and II
3.	Only I and III	4.	I, II and III

88.

Identify a brush border enzyme amongst the following:
1. rennin
2. lactase
3. trypsin
4. pancreatic amylase

89. An injury to the cerebellum would most probably lead to:

1.	Hyperphagia, Excessive eating or an abnormally increased appetite
2.	coma
3.	Aphasia, Impairment in the ability to speak, understand, read, or write
4.	Ataxia, Lack of coordination in voluntary movements

90.

Identify the incorrect statement regarding the hepatic portal system:
1. It includes two capillary beds separated by a portal vein.
2. The first capillary bed picks up nutrients from the liver.
3. The second capillary bed delivers nutrients to the liver.
4. Blood leaving the hepatic portal vein flows into the second capillary bed.

91.

The GFR will be decreased if there is:
1. elevated blood pressure
2. constriction of the afferent arterioles
3. decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure
4. decreased capsule pressure

92.

You are required to draw blood from a patient and keep it in a test tube for analysis of blood corpuscles and plasma. You are also provided with the following four types of test tubes. Which of these will you not use for the purpose?
1. Test tube containing calcium bicarbonate
2. Chilled test tube
3. Test tube containing heparin
4. Test tube containing sodium oxalate

93.

The superior and inferior radioulnar joints are examples of

1.	gliding joint	2.	hinge joint
3.	condyloid joint	4.	pivot joint

94.

What would be the approximate volume of blood pumped by both ventricles under normal resting physiological conditions in a healthy human adult?

1.	10 L	2.	8 L
3.	5 L	4.	2.5 L

95.

During concentration of urine, urea diffuses out of and enters respectively into the:

1.	proximal tubule, descending limb of the vasa recta
2.	descending limb of vasa recta, ascending limb of the loop of Henle
3.	ascending limb of the loop of Henle, collecting duct
4.	collecting duct, ascending limb of the loop of Henle

96.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	Osteoporosis is common in post-menopausal women.
Reason (R):	The small intestine in post-menopausal women is unable to absorb divalent cations such as calcium.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3.	(A) is True but (R) is False.
4.	Both (A) and (R) are False.

97.

All the following would be true for the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, except:
1. secreted from the zona glomerulosa
2. decreases blood Na⁺ levels
3. stimulated by angiotensin II
4. raises blood volume

98.

Cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, androgens and aldosterone:

1.	are derived from cholesterol molecules
2.	are polar molecules
3.	include the prostaglandins and the sex hormones testosterone and progesterone
4.	bind mostly to receptors in the cell membrane

99.

In the resting state of the neural membrane, diffusion due to concentration gradients, if allowed would drive

1. K⁺ into the cell
2. Na⁺ into the cell
3. Na⁺ out of the cell
4. K⁺ and Na⁺ out of the cell

100.

A condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism, is known as:
1. Grave's disease
2. cretinism
3. Hashimoto's disease
4. myxedema

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1.	2H₂O + 2NAD⁺ + 3ADP + 3Pi \(\rightarrow\) O₂+ 2NADH + 3ATP
2.	2H₂O + 3NAD⁺ + 2ADP + 3Pi \(\rightarrow\) O₂+ 3NADH + 2ATP
3.	2H₂O + 2NADP⁺ + 3ADP + 3Pi \(\rightarrow\) O₂+ 2NADH + 3ATP
4.	2H₂O + 3NADP⁺ + 2ADP + 3Pi \(\rightarrow\) O₂+ 3NADH + 3ATP

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