Which of these is under voluntary control?
1. urethra
2. detrusor muscle
3. internal urethral sphincter
4. external urethral sphincter
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____.
(1) smooth muscle
(2) squamous epithelium
(3) transitional epithelium
(4) simple columnar epithelium
Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?
(1) urea
(2) uric acid
(3) glycine
(4) Ketone
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and:
(1) nerves
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) adrenal medulla
(4) kidney nephron
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
(1) urea
(2) uric acid
(3) creatine
(4) Creatinine
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular apparatus
3. juxtaglomerular cells
4. cortical nephron
Which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
1. descending limb of the loop
2. proximal convoluted tubule
3. distal convoluted tubule
4. collecting duct
How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
(1) 10%
(2) 20%
(3) 50%
(4) 65%
The kidney secretes _____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.
(1) renin
(2) aldosterone
(3) erythropoietin
(4) Somatomedin
The kidneys are located in the _____ space.
(1) pelvic cavity
(2) peritoneal cavity
(3) abdominal
(4) retroperitoneal
The two organs most responsible for acid-base balance are the
(1) heart and kidneys
(2) liver and lungs
(3) kidneys and lungs
(4) lungs and heart
Which statement about aldosterone is false?
1. It is a major steroid (mineralocorticoid) hormone secreted by the kidney.
2. It promotes the reabsorption of Na+ in the late distal tubule and the cortical region of the collecting duct.
3. It stimulates the secretion of K+ from the peritubular blood into the distal tubule.
4. Without it, no K+ is ever excreted in the urine.
The concentrations of which plasma electrolyte is not regulated mainly by the kidneys?
1. hydrogen
2. potassium
3. iron
4. Bicarbonate
Which substance is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by different regions of the nephron tubules?
(1) potassium ion (K+)
(2) inulin
(3) urea
(4) glucose
Which substance is filtered and then completely (100%) reabsorbed by the nephron?
(1) protein
(2) inulin
(3) urea
(4) glucose
The disease diabetes insipidus
(1) is associated with the inadequate secretion or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
(2) results from overeating and hypersecretion of hormones by the pancreas.
(3) is characterized by an abnormal increase in glucose concentrations in the blood and urine.
(4) can be cured by injections of the hormone, insulin.
Which statement about the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false?
1. | The GFR averages approximately 180 L per day. |
2. | The GFR will increase during fight-or-flight situations due to the vasodilation of afferent arterioles. |
3. | A decrease in GFR results in a decrease in the total urine output. |
4. | Renal autoregulation maintains the GFR at a relatively constant rate despite fluctuations in the mean arterial blood pressure. |
The net filtration pressure at the glomerulus that results in the formation of ultrafiltrate is
(1) about equal to arterial blood pressure at 100 mmHg
(2) partially due to the very low colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
(3) opposed by the high osmotic pressure of ultrafiltrate
(4) estimated to be approximately 10 mm Hg
That portion of the nephron consisting of a single layer of cuboidal cells with microvilli to increase the surface area for reabsorption is the
(1) glomerular capsule
(2) proximal convoluted tubule
(3) loop of Henle
(4) distal convoluted tubule
The name of the blood vessel delivering blood directly to the glomerulus is the
(1) renal artery
(2) interlobar artery
(3) arcuate artery
(4) afferent arteriole
Which of the following is not a function of the human kidney?
1. Osmoregulation
2. Regulation of acid base balance
3. Production of nitrogenous waste products
4. Regulation of erythropoiesis
The part of the nephron that is responsible for maximum reabsorption of the filtrate is:
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal convoluted tubule
4. Collecting duct
The part of the nephron that plays most important role in the concentration of urine is:
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Thin segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle
3. Thick segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle
4. Collecting duct
A person having glycosuria and ketonuria is most likely suffering from:
1. Coronary artery disease
2. Chronic renal failure
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Acute viral hepatitis
What is the functional filtration unit in the kidney?
1. renal tubule
2. renal corpuscle
3. nephron
4. glomerulus
A blockage in a glomerulus would directly obstruct blood flow into which vessel?
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
3. interlobular artery
4. interlobar artery
What three physical barriers must filtrate cross within the renal corpuscle?
1. podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits
2. macula densa, vascular pole, and parietal layer of glomerular capsule
3. glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes
4. proximal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and papillary ducts
Which statement does not correctly describe the path of urine flow?
1. ducts in each renal papilla drain into a minor calyx
2. the minor calyces merge to form a major calyx
3. the major calyces combine to form the renal pelvis
4. the renal pelvis conveys urine directly to the urethra
The number of correct statements amongst the given statements is:
I. Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an afferent arteriole.
II. Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons.
III. Conditional reabsorption of sodium ions and water takes place in distal convoluted tubule.
IV. Human kidneys can produces urine nearly 5 times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.
V. Glycosuria and ketonuria are indicative of diabetes mellitus.
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
In the given diagram, the columns of Bertini are represented by the letter:
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D