From an evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in:

1.	Gymnosperms	2.	Liverworts
3.	Mosses	4.	Pteridophytes

Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because:

1. its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination.

2. its embryo is immature.

3. it has an obligate association with mycorrhizae.

4. it has a very hard seed coat.

In a moss the sporophyte:

Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because:

1. it is easily available

2. it is hygroscopic

3. it reduces transpiration

4. it serves as a disinfectant

If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you should choose?

Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit?

Phylogenetic system of classification is based on:

1. evolutionary relationships

2. morphological features

3. chemical constituents

4. floral characters

Mannitol is the stored food in:
1. Chara
2. Porphyra
3. Fucus
4. Gracillaria